人格类型

人格类型^[1]（英语：Personality type）是指个体的心理分类，又称类型论（Type Theory）。与特质论（Trait theory）是不同，类型是指人们的人格在“质”不同，而特质则被解释为“量”的差异。^[2]^[3]。举例来说，内向与外向人格在类型论来说是一个截然不同的分类（内向=0，外向=100），但以特质论来说是以一个连续向度来表示（有些人内向=20，外向=70，也有些人内向=40，外向=30）。

临床有效的人格类型

有效的人格类型学揭示并增加对个体的知识和理解，而不是像刻板印象那样减少知识和理解。有效的类型学还能提高预测临床相关信息和制定有效治疗策略的能力。^[4] 有一个广泛的文献关于分类不同类型的人类气质和同样广泛的文献关于人格特征或领域。这些分类体系试图描述正常的气质和人格，强调不同气质和人格类型的主要特征。它们在很大程度上属于心理学的范畴。另一方面，人格障碍反映了精神病学这一医学专业的工作，并以疾病为导向。它们被归类在美国精神病学协会的产品《诊断与统计手册》(DSM)中。^[5]

类型与特质

在当代心理学一般较少采用类型论。有些研究比较内向人格在迈尔斯-布里格斯性格分类法（MBTI）与五大人格量表（NEO-PI）结果，发现特质相对而言更能够用来预测一些心理疾病^[6]。心理学界也认为人类复杂多变的人格太难作出仔细却不重叠的类型^[7]^[8]^[9]。

以类型为基础的人格归类例子

最早期的古希腊由盖伦，基于体液学说而成的四种气质
A型和B型性格，将人们简单地分成成就性与随和性^[10]
发展心理学家杰罗姆·凯根（英语：Jerome Kagan）根据观察，将小朋友分成抑制型或非抑制型的气质^[11]
汉斯·艾森克的PEN三因子人格模型将最主要的人格称为类型，其各自的描述则为特质

引用来源

^ personality type - 人格類型. terms.naer.edu.tw. [2019-04-01]. （原始内容存档于2019-10-30）.
^ Bernstein, Penner, Clarke-Stewart, & Roy (2008). Psychology, 8th edition. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company.
^ Fajkowska, Małgorzata; Kreitler, Shulamith. Status of the Trait Concept in Contemporary Personality Psychology: Are the Old Questions Still the Burning Questions?: Contemporary Trait Concepts. Journal of Personality. 2018-2, 86 (1): 5–11. doi:10.1111/jopy.12335 （英语）. 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)
^ Matthews, Roy T. Peter Bailey, editor. Music Hall: The Business of Pleasure. (Popular Music in Britain.) Philadelphia: Open University Press; distributed by Taylor & Francis, Inc., Philadelphia, Pa. 1986. Pp. xxiii, 166. $19.00 paper. - J. S. Bratton, editor. Music Hall: Performance and Style. (Popular Music in Britain.) Philadelphia: Open University Press; distributed by Taylor & Francis, Inc., Philadelphia, Pa. 1986. Pp. xv, 175. $19.00 paper.. Albion. 1988, 20 (1): 120–121. ISSN 0095-1390. doi:10.2307/4049830.
^ Flaskerud, Jacquelyn H. Temperament and Personality: From Galen to DSM 5. Issues in Mental Health Nursing. 2012-09-07, 33 (9): 631–634. ISSN 0161-2840. doi:10.3109/01612840.2011.647256.
^ Furnham, A., & Crump, J. (2005). Personality Traits, Types, and Disorders: An Examination of the Relationship Between Three Self-Report Measures. European Journal of Personality, 19, 167-184.
^ Asendorpf, J. B. (2003). Head-to-head comparison of the predictive validity of personality types and dimensions. European Journal of Personality, 17, 327–346.
^ Pittenger, D. J. (2004). The limitations of extracting typologies from trait measures of personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 37, 779–787.
^ McCrae, R. R., Terracciano, A., Costa, P. T., & Ozer, D. J. (2006). Person-factors in the California adult Q-set: Closing the door on personality types? European Journal of Personality, 20, 29-44.
^ Bates, K. L. (2006). Type A personality not linked to heart disease. [2006-11-05]. （原始内容存档于2007-10-12）.
^ Kagan, J. (1994). Galen's Prophecy: Temperament in Human Nature. New York: Basic Books.

[1] rsonality type - 人格類型. terms.naer.edu.tw. [2019-04-01]. （原始内容存档于2019-10-30）.

[2] Bernstein, Penner, Clarke-Stewart, & Roy (2008). Psychology, 8th edition. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company.

[3] Fajkowska, Małgorzata; Kreitler, Shulamith. Status of the Trait Concept in Contemporary Personality Psychology: Are the Old Questions Still the Burning Questions?: Contemporary Trait Concepts. Journal of Personality. 2018-2, 86 (1): 5–11. doi:10.1111/jopy.12335 （英语）. 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)

[4] Matthews, Roy T. Peter Bailey, editor. Music Hall: The Business of Pleasure. (Popular Music in Britain.) Philadelphia: Open University Press; distributed by Taylor & Francis, Inc., Philadelphia, Pa. 1986. Pp. xxiii, 166. $19.00 paper. - J. S. Bratton, editor. Music Hall: Performance and Style. (Popular Music in Britain.) Philadelphia: Open University Press; distributed by Taylor & Francis, Inc., Philadelphia, Pa. 1986. Pp. xv, 175. $19.00 paper.. Albion. 1988, 20 (1): 120–121. ISSN 0095-1390. doi:10.2307/4049830.

[5] Flaskerud, Jacquelyn H. Temperament and Personality: From Galen to DSM 5. Issues in Mental Health Nursing. 2012-09-07, 33 (9): 631–634. ISSN 0161-2840. doi:10.3109/01612840.2011.647256.

[6] Furnham, A., & Crump, J. (2005). Personality Traits, Types, and Disorders: An Examination of the Relationship Between Three Self-Report Measures. European Journal of Personality, 19, 167-184.

[7] Asendorpf, J. B. (2003). Head-to-head comparison of the predictive validity of personality types and dimensions. European Journal of Personality, 17, 327–346.

[8] Pittenger, D. J. (2004). The limitations of extracting typologies from trait measures of personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 37, 779–787.

[9] McCrae, R. R., Terracciano, A., Costa, P. T., & Ozer, D. J. (2006). Person-factors in the California adult Q-set: Closing the door on personality types? European Journal of Personality, 20, 29-44.

[10] Bates, K. L. (2006). Type A personality not linked to heart disease. [2006-11-05]. （原始内容存档于2007-10-12）.

[11] Kagan, J. (1994). Galen's Prophecy: Temperament in Human Nature. New York: Basic Books.

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