八鲁湾之战
八鲁湾之战是花剌子模对蒙古战争中唯一胜仗，发生于1221年。
发生在阿富汗加兹尼附近的小村庄八鲁湾，花剌子模指挥官是札兰丁，蒙古方面则是失吉忽秃忽。蒙古军约七万人，其中大部分是骑兵，札兰丁的兵力则达到了四万人，大多为步兵，其中有三万多人来自阿富汗。
战斗发生在一个狭窄的山谷，不适合骑兵行动，第一天花剌子模派出弓箭手且指示下马，兵分两翼放箭击退蒙古军，而蒙古军则因地形狭窄无法使出战术，第二天蒙古军试图以草人诱敌但没有成功，第三天蒙古军在花剌子模放箭时诈败撤去，成功诱敌反攻杀了五百人，但札兰丁见状便上前线追击蒙古军，以致蒙古军败退并折损一半以上的兵力。但在战后当晚札兰丁的岳父和阿富汗酋长起内哄，争论谁来养一匹在战斗中发现的蒙古白马，札兰丁支持其岳父，之后军队分裂，许多阿富汗人都离开了，第二天札兰丁向东撤退，随后被成吉斯汗派出更强劲的追兵所迫逃亡印度。
注脚
- ^ Dupuy & Dupuy 1993，第366页.
- ^ Şahin. M. A "Resurrectıon Story: War Of Parwan", Turkish Studies – International Periodical for the Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic, ISSN: 1308-2140, Volume 11/16 Fall 2016,
- ^ De Hartog 2004.
- ^ Mclynn, Frank (2015). Genghis Khan His Conquests, His Empire, His Legacy. Da Capo Press. p. 306. ISBN 978-0-306-82396-1.
参考文献
- Barthold, W. Turkestan Down to the Mongol Invasion third. Messers. Luzac and Company Ltd. 1968.
- Boyle, J. A. (编). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5. Cambridge University Press. 1968. ISBN 978-0-521-06936-6.
- Bregel, Yuri. A Historical Atlas of Central Asia. Brill, Boston. 2003. ISBN 90-04-12321-1 请检查
|isbn=值 (帮助). - Buniyatov, Z.M. A History of The Khorezmian State under the Anushteginids 1097 – 1231. IICAS Samarkand. 2015. ISBN 978-9943-357-21-1.
- Tanner, Stephen. Afghanistan: A Military History from Alexander The Great to the Fall of The Taliban. DA CAPO Press. 2002. ISBN 0-306-81233-9.
- Fleet, John F.; Temple, Richard C. (编). The Indian Antiquary a Journal of Oriental Research. 1885, XIV. 缺少或
|title=为空 (帮助) - Asayesh, Maryam Ebadi. Patriarchy and Power in Magical Realism. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. 2017 [2022-05-19]. ISBN 978-1-5275-0082-2. （原始内容存档于2022-05-19） （英语）.
- De Hartog, Leo. Genghis Khan: Conqueror of the World. Londres; Nueva York: Tauris Parke Paperbacks. 2004. ISBN 978-1-86064-972-1.
- Dupuy, Trevor N.; Dupuy, R. Ernest. The Harper Encyclopedia of Military History. Harper Collins Publishers. 1993.
- Jaques, Tony. Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: P-Z. Greenwood Publishing Group. 2007 [2022-05-19]. ISBN 978-0-313-33539-6. （原始内容存档于2022-05-19）.
- McLynn, Frank. Genghis Khan: The Man Who Conquered the World. Random House. 2015 [2022-05-19]. ISBN 978-1-4464-4929-5. （原始内容存档于2022-05-19） （英语）.
A violent dispute arose between Ighrak and Temur Melik over the distribution of the booty and, in particular, over possession of a treasured white horse...
- Tanner, Stephen. Afghanistan - A Military History from Alexander the Great to the War Against the Taliban. Da Capo Press. 2009: 94.
- Tucker, Spencer C. (编). A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East I. ABC-CLIO. 2010.
- Tucker, Spencer C. (编). Wars That Changed History: 50 of the World's Greatest Conflicts. Santa Bárbara: ABC-CLIO. 2015: 117. ISBN 9781610697866.
- Saunders, J. J. The History of the Mongol Conquests. University of Pennsylvania Press. 2001 [2022-05-19]. ISBN 978-0-8122-1766-7. （原始内容存档于2022-05-19） （英语）.
He actually succeeded in routing a Mongol detachment at Parwan near Kabul in Afghanistan , 39 an event which raised many false hopes and led to fatal uprisings against Mongol rule in Mery , Herat and elsewhere in the autumn of 1221 .