因应 (心理学)

因应^[1]，或译应对（英语：Coping）、应对策略等，是用于减少不愉快情绪或处理被认为重要和困难的生活事件或生活阶段等，有意识或无意识的策略。应对策略可以是认知或行为，可以是个人的或社会的。^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]

主要分类

超过一百种的因应方法已经识别出来^[6]。虽未有共识，不过心理学家用不同的对比方法来分类。

评量焦点因应（英语：Appraisal-Focused coping）: directed towards challenging personal assumptions.
问题焦点因应（英语：Problem-Focused coping）: 直接处理（真的或感觉是）压力的来源^[7]。但不一定可以，例如一个癌症病人难找到一个可用的治疗方案时会改找一些“神药”、“秘方”之类的替代方法。
情绪焦点因应（英语：Emotion-Focused coping）: 改变因压力而生的情绪。例如一个研究心脏病男病人除了压抑自己的感情，还压抑妻子的情绪，例如叫她不要哭，导致妻子更大压力^[8]。
寻求支持因应（英语：Support-seeking coping）: 从朋友或家人找到情感上支持
意义制造因应（英语：Meaning-making coping）^[9]: 也称认知再框架（英语：Cognitive reframing）（英语：Cognitive reframing）:尝试用另一角度去理解问题而带来正面的影响，例如：“幸好我只是B-，而不是不合格”
宗教的因应（英语：Religious coping）: 也可以问题焦点因应，例如：“神会帮我解决问题”，也可以情绪焦点因应，例如“幸好神帮我，如果不是我就要受苦”。宗教提供一个框架给信徒去理解事情，例如一个可以控制一些不能控制事情的错觉、正面理解事物（“离苦得乐”）、接受及对未来会好的期望等^[10]。但亦可以带来反效果，认为神抛弃或罚他们^[11]。
主动因应（英语：Anticipatory/Proactive coping）^[12]: 因应不一定是问题发生时才做，也可以在问题预计出现前开始防止

适配度

从适配度（英语：goodness of fit）来看，不同因应方法不一定代表真的有效。只有当因应方法与你能对压力源的控制程度最合配才能发挥最大的功效。

量度因应效用

COPE Scale量度14种因应，并用因素分析

参见

引用来源

^ coping - 因應. terms.naer.edu.tw. [2019-03-29]. （原始内容存档于2019-03-29）.
^ Snyder, C.R. (ed.) (1999) Coping: The Psychology of What Works. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-511934-7.^{[页码请求]}
^ Zeidner, M. & Endler, N.S. (editors) (1996) Handbook of Coping: Theory, Research, Applications. New York: John Wiley. ISBN 0-471-59946-8.^{[页码请求]}
^ Cummings, E. Mark; Greene, Anita L.; Karraker, Katherine H. (编). Life-span Developmental Psychology: Perspectives on Stress and Coping. 1991: 92. ISBN 978-0-8058-0371-6.
^ R. S. Lazarus & S. Folkman, Stress, Appraisal, and Coping (1984) p.141. ISBN 0-8261-4191-9
^ Carver, Charles S.; Connor-Smith, Jennifer. Personality and Coping. Annual Review of Psychology. 2010, 61: 679–704. PMID 19572784. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100352.
^ Billings, A. G.; Moos, R. H. The role of coping responses and social resources in attenuating the stress of life events. Journal of Behavioral Medicine. 1981-6, 4 (2): 139–157 [2019-03-29]. ISSN 0160-7715. PMID 7321033. （原始内容存档于2019-03-29）. 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)
^ Rowan., Mahoney, Kathleen. The relationship of partner support and coping strategies to marital adjustment among women with diabetes and their male partners.. http://worldcat.org/oclc/670306870. 2006. ISBN 9780549707714. OCLC 670306870. 缺少或|title=为空 (帮助)
^ Affleck, G.; Tennen, H. Construing benefits from adversity: adaptational significance and dispositional underpinnings. Journal of Personality. 1996-12, 64 (4): 899–922 [2019-03-29]. ISSN 0022-3506. PMID 8956517. （原始内容存档于2019-03-29）.
^ O. Harrison, Myleme; Koenig, Harold G.; Hays, Judith C.; Eme-Akwari, Anedi G.; Pargament, Kenneth I. The epidemiology of religious coping: a review of recent literature. International Review of Psychiatry. 2001-01, 13 (2): 86–93. ISSN 0954-0261. doi:10.1080/09540260124356.
^ Pargament, K. I.; Koenig, H. G.; Perez, L. M. The many methods of religious coping: development and initial validation of the RCOPE. Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2000-4, 56 (4): 519–543 [2019-03-29]. ISSN 0021-9762. PMID 10775045. （原始内容存档于2019-03-29）. 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)
^ Aspinwall, Lisa G.; Taylor, Shelley E. A stitch in time: Self-regulation and proactive coping.. Psychological Bulletin. 1997, 121 (3): 417–436. ISSN 0033-2909. doi:10.1037//0033-2909.121.3.417.

[1] - 因應. terms.naer.edu.tw. [2019-03-29]. （原始内容存档于2019-03-29）.

[2] Snyder, C.R. (ed.) (1999) Coping: The Psychology of What Works. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-511934-7.^{[页码请求]}

[3] Zeidner, M. & Endler, N.S. (editors) (1996) Handbook of Coping: Theory, Research, Applications. New York: John Wiley. ISBN 0-471-59946-8.^{[页码请求]}

[4] Cummings, E. Mark; Greene, Anita L.; Karraker, Katherine H. (编). Life-span Developmental Psychology: Perspectives on Stress and Coping. 1991: 92. ISBN 978-0-8058-0371-6.

[5] R. S. Lazarus & S. Folkman, Stress, Appraisal, and Coping (1984) p.141. ISBN 0-8261-4191-9

[Carver-6] Carver, Charles S.; Connor-Smith, Jennifer. Personality and Coping. Annual Review of Psychology. 2010, 61: 679–704. PMID 19572784. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100352.

[7] Billings, A. G.; Moos, R. H. The role of coping responses and social resources in attenuating the stress of life events. Journal of Behavioral Medicine. 1981-6, 4 (2): 139–157 [2019-03-29]. ISSN 0160-7715. PMID 7321033. （原始内容存档于2019-03-29）. 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)

[8] Rowan., Mahoney, Kathleen. The relationship of partner support and coping strategies to marital adjustment among women with diabetes and their male partners.. http://worldcat.org/oclc/670306870. 2006. ISBN 9780549707714. OCLC 670306870. 缺少或|title=为空 (帮助)

[9] Affleck, G.; Tennen, H. Construing benefits from adversity: adaptational significance and dispositional underpinnings. Journal of Personality. 1996-12, 64 (4): 899–922 [2019-03-29]. ISSN 0022-3506. PMID 8956517. （原始内容存档于2019-03-29）.

[10] O. Harrison, Myleme; Koenig, Harold G.; Hays, Judith C.; Eme-Akwari, Anedi G.; Pargament, Kenneth I. The epidemiology of religious coping: a review of recent literature. International Review of Psychiatry. 2001-01, 13 (2): 86–93. ISSN 0954-0261. doi:10.1080/09540260124356.

[11] Pargament, K. I.; Koenig, H. G.; Perez, L. M. The many methods of religious coping: development and initial validation of the RCOPE. Journal of Clinical Psychology. 2000-4, 56 (4): 519–543 [2019-03-29]. ISSN 0021-9762. PMID 10775045. （原始内容存档于2019-03-29）. 请检查|date=中的日期值 (帮助)

[12] Aspinwall, Lisa G.; Taylor, Shelley E. A stitch in time: Self-regulation and proactive coping.. Psychological Bulletin. 1997, 121 (3): 417–436. ISSN 0033-2909. doi:10.1037//0033-2909.121.3.417.

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