维基百科

野樱莓

蔷薇科涩石楠属植物
维基百科中的医学内容仅供参考，并不能视作专业意见。如需获取医疗帮助或意见，请咨询专业人士。详见医学声明。

野樱莓（学名：Aronia melanocarpa，英文：Black chokeberry），是蔷薇科的一种落叶灌木，原产于北美洲东部湿树林和沼泽。野樱莓被栽培为观赏和植物和经济作物，果实可以生吃，也能用来制作酒、果酱、糖浆、果汁、茶、沙拉、啤酒和冰淇淋。

野樱莓
野樱莓
科学分类 编辑
界： 植物界 Plantae
演化支： 维管植物 Tracheophyta
演化支： 被子植物 Angiosperms
演化支： 真双子叶植物 Eudicots
演化支： 蔷薇类植物 Rosids
目： 蔷薇目 Rosales
科： 蔷薇科 Rosaceae
属： 涩石楠属 Aronia
Medik.
种：
野樱莓 A. melanocarpa
二名法
Aronia melanocarpa
野樱莓果实

特征和分类

叶彼此互生，针形，圆齿和羽脉状，到了秋天树叶会变成暗红色，黑色的毛状出现在叶中脉的表面，花很小，有5个花瓣和5个萼片，并且在10-25伞状花序，果实是一个小梨果，具有非常涩的味道。

野樱莓产于北美洲东部，有两个著名的品种，其果色为红色、黑色，紫色的野樱莓是其原产地两者自然杂交而成。红色的野樱莓，通常高度为2-4米，叶子底部宽5-8，花为白色或淡粉色，宽约1厘米，果实为红色，4-10毫米宽，产至到冬天。

黑色的野樱莓，略小，高度几乎超过1米高。叶子较小，不超过6厘米宽。花是白色，宽1.5厘米，无毛与萼片，果实为黑色，6-9毫米宽，没有产至冬天。

紫色的野樱莓，果实为暗紫色偏黑色，7-10毫米的宽度，产至冬天。植物学家艾伦·威克利认为这是一种全面的物种，而不是混合红色、黑色野樱莓。

 
野樱莓花

产品及用途

野樱莓耐干旱、虫害、污染和疾病。波兰将野樱莓干燥，与草药茶、黑醋栗混合，野樱莓也常被用作香料或着色剂的饮料或酸奶。

野樱莓成熟浆果果汁有点涩，略带点甜（中度含糖量），微酸（低pH值）。浆果有独特的风味，除了作为果汁外，也可以用来作烤面包的添加物。在美国和加拿大，野樱莓浆果则被用于果汁产品，主要的销售特点是它的抗氧化性能。

营养

野樱莓黑色的色素沉着是来自密集的多酚含量，尤其是花青素。总多酚含量为每100克新鲜果实1752毫克，花青素含量为每100克1480毫克，而原花青素浓度为每100克664毫克。[来源请求]

野樱莓也含有对人体有益矿物质和维生素，即：维生素B6、B12、E、C，叶酸，奎宁酸，多酚酸，单宁，儿茶素，槲黄素，芸香素，橙皮苷，白藜芦醇...等等。

ORAC

在抗氧化强度的标准测量中---氧自由基吸收能力和抗氧化能力指数（ORAC），野樱莓是所有水果中数值最高的---每100克含16,062 micromoles of Trolox Eq. 其原因为野樱莓所富含的花青素和原花青素，这也许可以解释其所带有的涩味。[来源请求]

初步研究

野樱莓的潜在机能可以降低造成疾病的风险[来源请求]，包括：

  • 降低血液中的胆固醇
  • 结直肠癌
  • 心血管疾病
  • 慢性炎症
  • 胃粘膜疾病（消化性溃疡）
  • 眼球炎（葡萄膜炎）
  • 肝功能衰竭
  • 抗粘连性能
  • 乳腺癌
  • 高血压
  • 宫颈癌
  • 免疫调节作用

参见

参考文献

  1. Potter, D., et al. (2007). Phylogeny and classification of Rosaceae. Plant Systematics and Evolution. 266(1–2): 5–43.
  2. Photinia melanocarpa (Michx.) K.R. Robertson & Phipps". USDA PLANTS.
  3. Photinia floribunda". USDA PLANTS.
  4. A. A. Reznicek, E. G. Voss, and B. S. Walters (February 2011). "Michigan Flora Online". University of Michigan. Retrieved 2013-11-29.
  5. Mark Brand (2010). "Aronia: Native Shrubs With Untapped Potential". Arnoldia 67 (3): 14–25.
  6. USDA GRIN entry for Aronia.
  7. USDA GRIN Taxonomy, distribution entry for Aronia × prunifolia.
  8. Everhart, Eldon (March 4, 2009). "Aronia - A New Crop for Iowa". Retrieved May 24, 2013.
  9. Prunus virginiana L. var. melanocarpa (A. Nelson) Sarg.: black chokecherry". United States Department of Agriculture.
  10. Prunus virginiana melanocarpa, Black Chokecherry
  11. Robertson, K. R., J. B. Phipps, J. R. Rohrer, and P. G. Smith. 1991. A synopsis of genera in Maloideae (Rosaceae). Systematic Botany 16:376–394.
  12. Kalkman, C. 2004. Rosaceae. In The families and genera of vascular plants. Edited by K. Kubitzki. Springer, Berlin. pp. 343–386, isbn=3-540-06512-1. in Google books, page 377
  13. Alan S. Weakley (April 2008). "Flora of the Carolinas, Virginia, and Georgia, and Surrounding Areas".
  14. Campbell C. S., R. C. Evans, D. R. Morgan, T. A. Dickinson, and M. P. Arsenault (2007). "Phylogeny of subtribe Pyrinae (formerly the Maloideae, Rosaceae): Limited resolution of a complex evolutionary history". Pl. Syst. Evol. 266: 119–145. doi:10.1007/s00606-007-0545-y.
  15. Sennikov, A.N.; Phipps, J.B. (2013). "Atlas Florae Europaeae notes, 19 – 22. Nomenclatural changes and taxonomic adjustments in some native and introduced species of Malinae (Rosaceae) in Europe". Willdenowia - Annals of the Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem 43 (1): 33–44. doi:10.3372/wi.43.43104.
  16. James W. Hardin ((May - Jun., 1973)). "The Enigmatic Chokeberries (Aronia, Rosaceae)". Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 100 (3): 178–184. doi:10.2307/2484630. JSTOR 2484630.
  17. Steven A. McKay (March 17, 2004). "Demand increasing for aronia and elderberry in North America". New York Berry News 3 (11).
  18. Skupien K, Oszmianski J (2007). "The effect of mineral fertilization on nutritive value and biological activity of chokeberry fruit". Agric Food Sci 16: 46–55. Retrieved 7 March 2014.
  19. "Total polyphenols in black chokeberry". http://www.phenol-explorer.eu （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）. Phenol-Explorer. 2014. Retrieved 27 March 2014.
  20. Wu X, Gu L, Prior RL, McKay S (2004). "Characterization of anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins in some cultivars of Ribes, Aronia and Sambucus and their antioxidant capacity". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 52 (26): 7846–56. doi:10.1021/jf0486850. PMID 15612766.
  21. Wu X et al. (2006). "Concentrations of anthocyanins in common foods in the United States and estimation of normal consumption". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 54 (1): 4069–75. doi:10.1021/jf060300l. PMID 16719536.
  22. Taheri, R; Connolly, B. A.; Brand, M. H.; Bolling, B. W. (2013). "Underutilized chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa, Aronia arbutifolia, Aronia prunifolia) accessions are rich sources of anthocyanins, flavonoids, hydroxycinnamic acids, and proanthocyanidins". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 61 (36): 8581–8. doi:10.1021/jf402449q. PMID 23941506. edit
  23. Simon PW (1996). "Plant pigments for color and nutrition". United States Department of Agriculture, University of Wisconsin. Retrieved 27 March 2014.
  24. Lee, J. E.; Kim, G. S.; Park, S; Kim, Y. H.; Kim, M. B.; Lee, W. S.; Jeong, S. W.; Lee, S. J.; Jin, J. S.; Shin, S. C. (2014). "Determination of chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) polyphenol components using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry: Overall contribution to antioxidant activity". Food Chemistry 146: 1–5. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.09.029. PMID 24176305. edit
  25. Ipatova, O. M.; Prozorovskaia, N. N.; Rusina, I. F.; Prozorovskiĭ, V. N. (2003). "Antioxidant properties of a leaf extract from Aronia (Aronia melanocarba) containing proanthocyanidins". Biomeditsinskaia khimiia 49 (2): 165–76. PMID 14565080. edit
  26. "Anthocyanins FAQ". MadSci Network. 2014. Retrieved 1 April 2014.
  27. Neveu V et al. (2010). "Phenol-Explorer: an online comprehensive database on polyphenol contents in foods". Centre de Recherche de Clermont-Ferrand, France. doi:10.1093/database/bap024. Retrieved 7 March 2014.
  28. Taheri, R; Connolly, B. A.; Brand, M. H.; Bolling, B. W. (2013). "Underutilized chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa, Aronia arbutifolia, Aronia prunifolia) accessions are rich sources of anthocyanins, flavonoids, hydroxycinnamic acids, and proanthocyanidins". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 61 (36): 8581–8. doi:10.1021/jf402449q. PMID 23941506. edit
  29. Gross, P (2009). "New Roles for Polyphenols. A 3-Part report on Current Regulations & the State of Science". Nutraceuticals World. Rodman Media. Retrieved April 11, 2013.
  30. Kim, B.; Ku, C. S.; Pham, T. X.; Park, Y.; Martin, D. A.; Xie, L.; Taheri, R.; Lee, J.; Bolling, B. W. (2013). "Aronia melanocarpa (chokeberry) polyphenol–rich extract improves antioxidant function and reduces total plasma cholesterol in apolipoprotein E knockout mice". Nutrition Research 33 (5): 406–413. doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2013.03.001. PMID 23684442. edit
  31. Lala, G., Malik, M., Zhao, C., He, J., Kwon, Y., Giusti, M. M., & Magnuson, B. A. (2006). "Anthocyanin-rich extracts inhibit multiple biomarkers of colon cancer in rats". Nutr Cancer 54 (1): 84–93. doi:10.1207/s15327914nc5401_10. PMID 16800776.
  32. Bell, D. R., & Gochenaur, K (2006). "Direct vasoactive and vasoprotective properties of anthocyanin-rich extracts". J Appl Physiol 100 (4): 1164–70. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00626.2005. PMID 16339348.
  33. Jump up ^ Han, G.-L., Li, C.-M., Mazza, G., & Yang, X.-G (2005). "Effect of anthocyanin rich fruit extract on PGE2 produced by endothelial cells". Wei Sheng Yan Jiu 34 (5): 581–4. PMID 16329602.
  34. Jump up ^ Valcheva-Kuzmanova, S., Marazova, K., Krasnaliev, I., Galunska, B., Borisova, P., & Belcheva, A (2005). "Effect of Aronia melanocarpa fruit juice on indomethacin-induced gastric mucosal damage and oxidative stress in rats". Exp Toxicol Pathol 56 (6): 385–92. doi:10.1016/j.etp.2005.01.001. PMID 15945278.
  35. Ohgami, K., Ilieva, I., Shiratori, K., Koyama, Y., Jin, X.-H., Yoshida, K., Kase, S., Kitaichi, N., Suzuki, Y., Tanaka, T., Ohno, S. (2005). "Anti-inflammatory effects of aronia extract on rat endotoxin-induced uveitis". Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 46 (1): 275–81. doi:10.1167/iovs.04-0715. PMID 15623784.
  36. Valcheva-Kuzmanova, S., Borisova, P., Galunska, B., Krasnaliev, I., Belcheva, A. (2004). "Hepatoprotective effect of the natural fruit juice from Aronia melanocarpa on carbon tetrachloride-induced acute liver damage in rats". Exp Toxicol Pathol 56 (3): 195–201. doi:10.1016/j.etp.2004.04.012. PMID 15625789.
  37. Olas, B; Wachowicz, B; Nowak, P; Kedzierska, M; Tomczak, A; Stochmal, A; Oleszek, W; Jeziorski, A; Piekarski, J (2008). "Studies on antioxidant properties of polyphenol-rich extract from berries of Aronia melanocarpa in blood platelets". Journal of physiology and pharmacology : an official journal of the Polish Physiological Society 59 (4): 823–35. PMID 19212014. edit
  38. Kedzierska, M; Olas, B; Wachowicz, B; Stochmal, A; Oleszek, W; Jeziorski, A; Piekarski, J; Glowacki, R (2009). "An extract from berries of Aronia melanocarpa modulates the generation of superoxide anion radicals in blood platelets from breast cancer patients". Planta Medica 75 (13): 1405–9. doi:10.1055/s-0029-1185718. PMID 19444773. edit
  39. Ciocoiu, M; Badescu, L; Miron, A; Badescu, M (2013). "The involvement of a polyphenol-rich extract of black chokeberry in oxidative stress on experimental arterial hypertension". Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2013: 912769. doi:10.1155/2013/912769. PMC 3600185. PMID 23533529. edit
  40. Rugină, D; Sconţa, Z; Leopold, L; Pintea, A; Bunea, A; Socaciu, C (2012). "Antioxidant activities of chokeberry extracts and the cytotoxic action of their anthocyanin fraction on He La human cervical tumor cells". Journal of Medicinal Food 15 (8): 700–6. doi:10.1089/jmf.2011.0246. PMC 3407391. PMID 22846076. edit
  41. Xu, J; Mojsoska, B (2013). "The immunomodulation effect of Aronia extract lacks association with its antioxidant anthocyanins". Journal of Medicinal Food 16 (4): 334–42. doi:10.1089/jmf.2012.0151. PMID 23566059. edit

延伸阅读

外部链接

检索自“https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=野櫻莓&oldid=70882678”