闭央不圆唇元音
此条目可参照英语维基百科相应条目来扩充。 |
闭央不圆唇元音是母音的一种,使用于许多口语语言之中,其国际音标的符号为 ⟨ɨ⟩,另一种符号为 ⟨ï⟩,相对应的X-SAMPA符号则为 ⟨1⟩。
闭央不圆唇元音 | |||
---|---|---|---|
ɨ | |||
ï | |||
ɯ̈ | |||
IPA编号 | 317 | ||
编码 | |||
HTML码(十进制) | ɨ | ||
Unicode码(十六进制) | U+0268 | ||
X-SAMPA音标 | 1 | ||
ASCII音标 | i" | ||
IPA盲文 | |||
| |||
音频范例 | |||
国际音标:元音 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
表内成对的元音分别为不圆唇/圆唇。 |
特征
- 其圆唇度为不圆唇元音,嘴唇自然放松,不特别向前突起。
各语言比较表
/ɨ/在印欧语系语言中不是个普遍的音素,主要作为同位异音出现在部分斯拉夫语支语言,如俄语。但它在美洲孤立语言中是非常普遍的音素,且常和/i/、/u/等其它闭元音对立。这在现存语言和其祖语原始犹他-阿兹特克语中都发生。尽管/ɨ/不普遍存在于这一地区,有些学者认为此音素是中美洲语言联盟的区域特征之一。[1]
汉语中的舌尖元音/ɿ/亦有人标示为此音,如:/sɨ͡/。
语言 | 词汇 | 国际音标 | 意义 | 注释 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
亚齐语 | tupeue | [tupɨə] | 知 | ||
阿姆哈拉语[2] | ሥር | [sɨ̞r] | 根 | 次闭元音。[2] | |
昂纳米语 | Khonoma[3] | prü | [pɻɨ˨] | 雹石 | 元音高度介于闭元音[ɨ]和央元音[ə]间。[3]一般记作⟨ə⟩. |
Arhuaco | ikʉ | [ɪk'ɨ] | Arhuaco语 | ||
柏柏尔语 | 中阿特拉斯塔马塞特语[4] | khdim (ⵅⴷⵉⵎ) | [χdɨ̞m] | 工作 | 在辅音丛间,唇音和舌冠音前的插音。 |
汉语 | 潮汕话 | tū (猪) | [tɨ˦] | 猪 | |
英语 | 南部美国英语[5] | good | [ɡɨ̞d] | 好 | 和其他方言[ʊ]对应。参见英语音系 |
南英格兰英语[6] | [ɡɪ̈d] | 可能是圆唇的[ʊ̈];[6]和其他方言[ʊ]对应。参见英语音系 | |||
伦敦英语[7][8] | lip | [lɪ̈ʔp] | 唇 | /ɪ/的可能实现。[7][8] | |
南非英语[9] | [lɨ̞p] | 对于部分使用者,和[ə]是自由变体。SAE的白读、文读有同位异音化的变体,[ɪ] (白读是[i])出现在软腭音和硬颚音旁,[ɨ̞~ə] elsewhere。参见南非英语音系 | |||
南部美国英语[10] | [lɪ̈p] | /ɪ/在唇辅音前的同位异音,有时也出现在其他环境里。[10] | |||
东南英格兰英语[11] | rude | [ɹɨːd] | 粗野 | 可能是圆唇的[ʉː]或双元音[ʊʉ̯~əʉ̯]。 | |
瓜拉尼语[12] | yvy | [ɨʋɨ] | 土地 | ||
豪萨语[13] | cin abinci | [t̠ʃin abɨnt̠ʃi] | 吃 | /i/的同位异音。[13] | |
爱尔兰语 | 芒斯特爱尔兰语[14] | caora | [kɨːɾˠə] | 羊 | /i/在开辅音间的同位异音。[14]参见爱尔兰语音系 |
乌尔斯特爱尔兰语[15] | [比如?] | /ɪ/的同位异音。次闭元音。[15] | |||
Kalagan[16] | [pɨˈnɨt̪] | 胡须 | |||
克什米尔语[17] | ćū'nan (ژٕنَن) | [t͡sɨnan] | 桃子 | ||
Kera[18] | [ɡɨ̀ɡɨ̀r] | 膝盖 | |||
库尔德语[19][20] | 南库尔德语 | kirmaşan (کرماشان) | [cʰɨɾmäːʃäːn] | 科曼莎 | 等同于北库尔德语和中库尔德语的[ɪ]。参见库尔德语音系 |
拉特加莱语[21] | dyžan | [ˈd̪ɨʒän̪] | 太多 | 参见拉特加莱语音系 | |
Mah Meri[22] | [d͡ʑäbɨ̞ʔ͡k̚] | 喝醉 | |||
马普切语[23] | müṉa | [mɘ̝ˈn̪ɐ̝] | 父亲这边的堂兄 | /ɘ/的非重读变体。[23] | |
蒙古语[24] | khüchir (хүчир) | [xutʃʰɨɾɘ̆] | 困难 | ||
Mono[25] | dɨ | [dɨ] | 计数 | ||
Paicî[26] | [比如?] | 可以记作⟨ɯ⟩。 | |||
罗马尼亚语[27] | înot | [ɨˈn̪o̞t̪] | 我游泳 | 参见罗马尼亚语音系 | |
俄语[28] | ты/ty | ⓘ | 你(单数/不规范) | 只出现在非硬颚辅音后。非重读时是次闭元音。[28]参见俄语音系 | |
Sahaptin[29] | kʼsit | [kʼsɨt] | 冷 | 插音。没有等效的长音 | |
Sema[30] | sü | [ʃɨ̀] | 损害 | 从闭元音[ɨ][30]到次闭元音[ɨ̞]。[31] | |
Shipibo[32] | tenaitianronki | [ˈt̪ɨnɐi̞ti̞ɐ̃ɽõ̞ɣi̞] | [translation needed] | /ɯ/在舌冠音后可能的实现。[32] | |
Sirionó[33] | [eˈsɨ] | 'dry wood' | |||
瑞典语 | 布胡斯[34] | bli | [blɨᶻː] | 成为 | 对应中央标准瑞典语[iː]的擦化元音。[34]参见瑞典语音系 |
内尔彻[34] | |||||
塔吉克语 | 布哈拉[35] | ġižġiž (ғижғиж) | [ʁɨʑʁɨʑ] | 锯木声 | /i/在小舌音环境下的同位异音。[35] |
淡米尔语[36] | vāli (வால்) | [väːlɨ] | 尾巴 | 口语中在词尾流音后的插音;可以是圆唇音[ʉ]。[36]参见淡米尔语音系 | |
Tera[37] | zu | [zɨ] | 说了 | ||
vur | [vɨ̞r] | 给 | /ɨ/在闭音节的同位异音。[38] | ||
土耳其语 | 标准音[39] | sığ | [sɨː] | 浅 | 也被描写为闭后元音[ɯ][40]和次闭次后元音{{IPAblink |ɯ̽}。}[41]一般记作⟨ɯ⟩。参见土耳其语音系 |
巴尔干加告兹土耳其语[42] | [比如?] | 词尾将标准土耳其语/i/和/ɯ/合流,/y/和/u/受巴尔干语言联盟影响合并为同一音位。东布罗夫斯基[42]将其记作/i/。 | |||
乌德穆尔特语[43] | urgetė, yrgjete (ургетэ, ыргетэ[44]) | [ɨrgete] | 它咆哮 | ||
威尔士语 | 北部方言[45] | llun | [ɬɨːn] | 图 | 长音是闭元音,短音是次闭元音。[45] 南部方言和/ɪ/合流。参见威尔士语音系 |
pump | [pɨ̞mp] | 五 | |||
八重山语 | pïtu | [pɨtu] | 人 | ||
萨波特克语 | 蒂尔基亚潘[46] | nɨ | [nɨ] | 变酸 |
波兰语 ⟨y⟩常是/ɨ/,但实际上是半闭前移央展唇元音,更精确的记音是[ɘ̟]。[47]相似地,欧洲葡萄牙语的非重读⟨e⟩常被记作/ɨ/,实际上是次闭次后不圆唇元音,[48]更精确的记音使用ad hoc标,如[ɯ̽], [ɯ̟]和[ʊ̜]。
注释
- ^ Campbell, Kaufman & Smith-Stark (1986)
- ^ 2.0 2.1 Hayward & Hayward (1999),第47页.
- ^ 3.0 3.1 Blankenship et al. (1993),第129页.
- ^ Abdel-Massih (1971:15页)
- ^ Wells (1982),第534–535页.
- ^ 6.0 6.1 Lodge (2009:174页)
- ^ 7.0 7.1 Altendorf & Watt (2004:188–189页)
- ^ 8.0 8.1 Mott (2012:75页)
- ^ Lass (2002),第113–115页.
- ^ 10.0 10.1 Wells (1982:534页)
- ^ Lodge (2009),第174页.
- ^ Phonological inventory of Paraguayan Guarani. South American Phonological Inventory Database. Berkeley: University of California. 2015 [2021-01-09]. (原始内容存档于2020-10-03).
- ^ 13.0 13.1 Schuh & Yalwa (1999),第90页.
- ^ 14.0 14.1 Ó Sé (2000),第?页.
- ^ 15.0 15.1 Ní Chasaide (1999:114页)
- ^ Wendel & Wendel (1978),第198页.
- ^ Koshur: Spoken Kashmiri: A Language Course: Transcription. [16 January 2016]. (原始内容存档于2020-02-18).
- ^ Pearce (2011),第251页.
- ^ Thackston (2006a),第1页.
- ^ Khan & Lescot (1970),第8-16页.
- ^ Nau (2011),第9–10页.
- ^ Kruspe & Hajek (2009),第244页.
- ^ 23.0 23.1 Sadowsky et al. (2013:92页)
- ^ Iivonen & Harnud (2005),第62, 66–67页.
- ^ Olson (2004),第235页.
- ^ Gordon & Maddieson (1996),第118页.
- ^ Sarlin (2014),第18页.
- ^ 28.0 28.1 Jones & Ward (1969),第33, 38页.
- ^ Hargus & Beavert (2002).
- ^ 30.0 30.1 Teo (2014),第28页.
- ^ Teo (2012),第368页.
- ^ 32.0 32.1 Valenzuela, Márquez Pinedo & Maddieson (2001),第283页.
- ^ Firestone (1965),第?页.
- ^ 34.0 34.1 34.2 Riad (2014),第21页.
- ^ 35.0 35.1 Ido (2014),第91页.
- ^ 36.0 36.1 Keane (2004),第114页.
- ^ Tench (2007),第230页.
- ^ Tench (2007:231页)
- ^ Zimmer & Organ (1999:155页)
- ^ Göksel & Kerslake (2005:10页)
- ^ Kılıç & Öğüt (2004)
- ^ 42.0 42.1 Dombrowski, Andrew. Vowel Harmony Loss in West Rumelian Turkish. [2021-01-09]. (原始内容存档于2020-08-13).
- ^ Iivonen & Harnud (2005),第64, 68页.
- ^ ургетыны [Udmurt-Russian dictionary], [2021-01-09], (原始内容存档于2016-03-05) (俄语)
- ^ 45.0 45.1 Ball (1984),第?页.
- ^ Merrill (2008),第109页.
- ^ Jassem (2003),第105页.
- ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995),第91页.
参考书目
- 《国际音标》1982 湖北人民出版社
- Abdel-Massih, Ernest T., A Reference Grammar of Tamazight, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 1971
- Altendorf, Ulrike; Watt, Dominic, The dialects in the South of England: phonology, Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (编), A handbook of varieties of English, 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter: 181–196, 2004, ISBN 3-11-017532-0
- Blankenship, Barbara; Ladefoged, Peter; Bhaskararao, Peri; Chase, Nichumeno, Phonetic structures of Khonoma Angami, Maddieson, Ian (编), Fieldwork studies of targeted languages 84, Los Angeles: The UCLA Phonetics Laboratory Group: 127–141, 1993 [2022-01-21], (原始内容存档于2020-11-22)
- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena, European Portuguese, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 1995, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223
- Ball, Martin J., Phonetics for phonology, Ball, Martin J.; Jones, G.E (编), Welsh Phonology, Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1984, ISBN 978-0-7083-0861-5
- Campbell, Lyle; Kaufman, Terrence; Smith-Stark, Thomas C, Meso-America as a linguistic area, Language, 1986, 62 (3): 530–570, JSTOR 415477, doi:10.2307/415477
- Firestone, Homer L., Description and classification of Sirionó: A Tupí-Guaraní language., Janua linguarum, Series Practica (16), London: Mouton & Co, 1965
- Gimson, Alfred Charles, Cruttenden, Alan , 编, Gimson's Pronunciation of English 8th, Routledge, 2014 [2022-01-21], ISBN 9781444183092, (原始内容存档于2019-06-02)
- Göksel, Asli; Kerslake, Celia, Turkish: a comprehensive grammar, Routledge, 2005, ISBN 978-0415114943
- Gordon, Matthew J.; Maddieson, Ian, The phonetics of Paici, Maddieson, Ian (编), UCLA working papers in phonetics: Fieldwork studies of targeted languages IV 93, Los Angeles: The UCLA Phonetics Laboratory Group: 111–124, 1996 [2022-01-21], (原始内容存档于2018-02-16)
- Hargus, Sharon; Beavert, Virginia, Predictable versus Underlying Vocalism in Yakima Sahaptin, International Journal of American Linguistics, 2002, 68 (3): 316–340, S2CID 143594461, doi:10.1086/466492
- Ido, Shinji, Bukharan Tajik, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2014, 44 (1): 87–102, doi:10.1017/S002510031300011X
- Iivonen, Antti; Harnud, Huhe, Acoustical comparison of the monophthong systems in Finnish, Mongolian and Udmurt, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2005, 35 (1): 59–71, S2CID 145733117, doi:10.1017/S002510030500191X
- Jassem, Wiktor, Polish, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2003, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
- Jones, Daniel; Ward, Dennis, The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press, 1969
- Keane, Elinor, Tamil, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2004, 34 (1): 111–116, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001549
- Kruspe, Nicole; Hajek, John, Mah Meri, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2009, 39 (2): 241–248, doi:10.1017/S0025100309003946
- Lass, Roger, South African English, Mesthrie, Rajend (编), Language in South Africa, Cambridge University Press, 2002, ISBN 9780521791052
- Lodge, Ken, A Critical Introduction to Phonetics, Continuum International Publishing Group, 2009 [2022-01-21], ISBN 978-0-8264-8873-2, (原始内容存档于2019-06-08)
- Merrill, Elizabeth, Tilquiapan Zapotec (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2008, 38 (1): 107–114 [2022-01-21], doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344 , (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2019-12-16)
- Mott, Brian, Traditional Cockney and popular London speech, Dialectologia (RACO (Revistes Catalanes amb Accés Obert)), 2012, 9: 69–94 [2022-01-21], ISSN 2013-2247, (原始内容存档于2015-09-24)
- Nau, Nicole, A short grammar of Latgalian, Munich: Lincom Europa, 2011, ISBN 978-3-86288-055-3
- Ní Chasaide, Ailbhe, Irish, Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press: 111–16, 1999, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
- Ó Sé, Diarmuid, Gaeilge Chorca Dhuibhne, Dublin: Institiúid Teangeolaíochta Éireann, 2000, ISBN 978-0-946452-97-2 (爱尔兰语)
- Olson, Kenneth S., Mono (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2004, 34 (2): 233–238 [2022-01-21], doi:10.1017/S0025100304001744 , (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2019-06-20)
- Pearce, Mary, Kera, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2011, 41 (2): 249–258, S2CID 232344047, doi:10.1017/S0025100311000168
- Pullum, Geoffrey K.; Ladusaw, William A., Phonetic Symbol Guide, Chicago, IL, USA: University of Chicago Press, 1996, ISBN 9780226685366
- Riad, Tomas, The Phonology of Swedish, Oxford University Press, 2014, ISBN 978-0-19-954357-1
- Sadowsky, Scott; Painequeo, Héctor; Salamanca, Gastón; Avelino, Heriberto, Mapudungun, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2013, 43 (1): 87–96 [2022-01-21], doi:10.1017/S0025100312000369 , (原始内容存档于2022-04-25)
- Sarlin, Mika, Sounds of Romanian and their spelling, Romanian Grammar 2nd, Helsinki: Books on Demand GmbH: 16–37, 2014 [First published 2013] [2022-01-21], ISBN 978-952-286-898-5, (原始内容存档于2019-07-17)
- Schuh, Russell G.; Yalwa, Lawan D., Hausa, Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press: 90–95, 1999, ISBN 978-0-521-63751-0
- Tench, Paul, Tera, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2007, 37 (1): 228–234, doi:10.1017/s0025100307002952
- Teo, Amos B., Sumi (Sema), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2012, 42 (3): 365–373, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000254
- Teo, Amos B., A phonological and phonetic description of Sumi, a Tibeto-Burman language of Nagaland (PDF), Canberra: Asia-Pacific Linguistics, 2014 [2022-01-21], ISBN 978-1-922185-10-5, (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2015-07-21)
- Upton, Clive, An evolving standard British English pronunciation model, Hickey, Raymond (编), Standards of English: Codified Varieties Around the World, Cambridge University Press: 55–71, 2012, ISBN 978-0-521-76389-9, doi:10.1017/CBO9781139023832.004
- Valenzuela, Pilar M.; Márquez Pinedo, Luis; Maddieson, Ian, Shipibo, Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 2001, 31 (2): 281–285 [2022-01-21], doi:10.1017/S0025100301002109 , (原始内容存档于2021-12-02)
- Wells, John C. (1982). Accents of English. Volume 3: Beyond the British Isles (pp. i–xx, 467–674). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-52128541-0.
- Wendel, Åsa; Wendel, Dag, Kaagan-Kalagan phonemic statement (PDF), Studies in Philippine Linguistics, 1978, 2 (1): 191–203 [2017-03-08], (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2015-05-11)
- Zimmer, Karl; Orgun, Orhan, Turkish (PDF), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 154–158, 1999 [2022-01-21], ISBN 978-0-521-65236-0, (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2018-07-25)
- Autuori, Joana Dworecka. Fonologia e morfossintaxe da língua Sanöma (Yanomami) (学位论文). University of São Paulo. 2019. doi:10.11606/T.8.2019.tde-18122019-164856 (巴西葡萄牙语).
- Tondineli, Patrícia Goulart, O sistema fonológico das vogais orais na língua indígena Aikanã, Linguagem e Ensino, 2020, 23 (4), doi:10.15210/RLE.V23I4.18288 (巴西葡萄牙语)
- Ferreira, Rogério Vicente. Língua Matis (Pano): Uma descrição gramatical (学位论文). Campinas: University of Campinas. 2005. doi:10.47749/T/UNICAMP.2005.351333 . hdl:20.500.12733/1600991 (巴西葡萄牙语).