马蹄铁理论

马蹄铁理论(英语:The Horseshoe theory)是一个由法国哲学家让-皮埃尔·费伊提出的,描述政治极左派极右派的关系的理论。其认为,极左派和极右派并非传统政治直线轴上的两个极端,反而是像马蹄铁的两个极端一般——两派其实有很多相似的地方[1]

马蹄铁理论认为,极左和极右分子之间相似的地方多于各自与中间派的共同点。

马蹄铁理论和传统的政治学直线轴政治光谱几乎互相矛盾。而马蹄铁理论的支持者则以极左和极右主张极为相似作为论点,例如近年在极左和极右阵营里都出现反犹太主义的声音。[2]

而世界最大的策略咨询服务公司罗兰贝格咨询公司的研究员约瑟夫·约菲 (Josef Joffe)在一篇论文中指出:


而据《政治学家》(Political Science Scholar)网站,马蹄铁理论被列为有效和重要的政治学名词[4]

批评

事实上有不少社会学家认为,马蹄铁理论是不可信的。[5]而瑞德大学(University of Reading)学者巴克(Peter Barker)[6]在自己所著的书《民主德国和其历史 》(GDR and Its History)中,引述谢菲尔德大学汤逊(Peter Thompson)的批评,认为马蹄铁理论[7]扭曲了左右派政治主张不同的距离,更不满意这个理论无法打破传统的政治学直线轴,相类似主张之间连贯性。[8].

备注

  1. ^ Encel, Frédéric; Thual, François. United States-Israel: A friendship that needs to be demystified. Le Figaro (Paris). 2004-11-13 [2009-02-13]. (原始内容存档于2007-09-30). Jean-Pierre Faye's famous horseshoe theory (according to which extremes meet) finds verification here more than in other places, and the two states of delirium often mingle and meet, unfortunately spreading beyond these extremist circles. But contrary to the legend deliberately maintained and/or the commonplace believed in good faith, Israel and the United States have not always been allies; on several occasions their relations have even been strained. 页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  2. ^ The Political Horseshoe again. AIJAC. [2009-02-13]. (原始内容存档于2011-05-16). I think Mr. Loewenstein has done a good job demonstrating why many people believe, as the “political horseshoe” theory states, that there is a lot more common ground between the far left, where Loewenstein dwells politically, and the far right views of someone like Betty Luks than people on the left would care to admit. 页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  3. ^ Josef Joffe. New Year’s Essay 2009 - For Roland Berger. Roland Berger. 2008-12-22 [2009-04-19]. (原始内容存档于2009-02-03). 页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  4. ^ Political Science Terms. Political Science Scholar. [2009-04-19]. (原始内容存档于2009-03-03). 页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  5. ^ Political Research Associates: Study the U.S. Political Right页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  6. ^ University of Reading: Peter Barker[永久失效链接]
  7. ^ University of Sheffield: Peter Thompson 互联网档案馆存档,存档日期2009-01-01.
  8. ^ GDR and Its History pp103. [2009-04-19]. (原始内容存档于2012-10-23).