1774年至1775年 教宗选举秘密会议 | |
---|---|
日期与地点 | |
1774年10月5日-1775年2月15日 教宗国宗座宫 | |
枢机团主要人员 | |
枢机团团长 | 若望·方济各·阿尔巴尼 |
枢机团副团长 | 亨利·本笃·斯图亚特 |
总务枢机 | 嘉禄·雷佐尼科 |
首席司铎 | 若瑟·波佐邦内利 |
首席助祭 | 亚历山大·阿尔巴尼 |
选举情况 | |
被禁止出任教宗 | 若望·嘉禄·博斯基 |
当选者 | |
若望-安杰洛·布拉斯基伯爵 (取名号为庇护六世) | |
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1774年至1775年教宗选举秘密会议是教宗克勉十四世离世后枢机团于1774年10月5日至1775年2月15日举行的选举秘密会议。这次教宗选举秘密会议共有44位枢机参加。各枢机最后选出圣奥诺夫廖堂区枢机若望-安杰洛·布拉斯基为克勉十四世的继任人,他取“庇护六世”为教宗名号。
背景
教宗克勉十四世在1774年9月22日突然逝世,终年68岁。克勉十四世任教宗期间受波旁王朝及葡萄牙王国(即布拉干萨王朝)统治下的多个王室敦促打压耶稣会;教宗在初期尝试保护耶稣会并拖延时间,但最终仍然在各王室影响下在1773年发出教宗通谕《吾主救世主》宣布取缔耶稣会,并将时任耶稣会总会长洛伦佐·里奇神父囚禁于位于罗马的圣天使城堡,但实际上罗马教廷及枢机团中仍有不少耶稣会的信徒。对待耶稣会的态度故此成为了选举秘密会议挑选下任教宗的主要条件之一。[1]
教宗逝世为罗马人民提供了发泄反教廷思想的机会,通常是透过讽刺已故教宗或枢机的讽刺或淫亵作品。1774年,罗马总督以侵犯了“枢机团以及其他人的尊严、礼节与代表权”为由禁止了一出名为《枢机团》的戏剧。[2]
枢机选举人
在克勉十四世逝世时枢机团共有55位枢机,但在教座出缺期间两位枢机若望·方济各·斯托帕尼与费尔南多·玛利亚·德·罗西逝世,其余有9名枢机则因各种原因没有出席这次秘密会议,最终共有44名枢机出席并参与这次选举。[3]
当中13人由克勉十四世册封为枢机,20人由克勉十三世擢升。亚历山大·阿尔巴尼则由诺森十三世委任为枢机,是44人中担任枢机最长时间者;余下10人均由本笃十四世册封为枢机。
Absentees
Nine cardinals were absent:[3]
- Giuseppe Pozzobonelli (September 9, 1743) – Cardinal-Priest of S. Lorenzo in Lucina; protopriest of the Sacred College of Cardinals; archbishop of Milan
- Franz Konrad Casimir von Rodt (April 5, 1756) – Cardinal-Priest of S. Maria del Popolo; bishop of Constance
- Francisco de Saldanha da Gama (April 5, 1756) – Cardinal-Deacon [no deaconry assigned]; patriarch of Lisbon
- Buenaventura de Córdoba Espínola de la Cerda (November 23, 1761) – Cardinal-Priest of S. Lorenzo in Panisperna; patriarch of the West Indies; Vicar General of the Spanish Army and Fleet
- Jean-François-Joseph Rochechouart (November 23, 1761) – Cardinal-Priest of S. Eusebio; bishop of Laon
- Louis-César-Constantine de Rohan-Guéménée (November 23, 1761) – Cardinal-Priest [no title assigned]; bishop of Strasbourg
- João Cosme da Cunha, C.R.S.A. (August 6, 1770) – Cardinal-Priest [no title assigned]; archbishop of Evora; Inquisitor General of the Portuguese Inquisition
- Charles-Antoine de La Roche-Aymon (December 16, 1771) – Cardinal-Priest [no title assigned]; archbishop of Reims
- Leopold Ernest von Firmian (December 14, 1772) – Cardinal-Priest [no title assigned]; bishop of Passau
Benedict XIV, Clement XIII and Clement XIV created three of them each.
Died during sede vacante
Two cardinals, including one created by Benedict XIV and one created by Clement XIII:[3]
- Giovanni Francesco Stoppani (November 26, 1753) – Cardinal-Bishop of Palestrina; Secretary of the Supreme S.C. of the Roman and Universal Inquisition (died on November 18, 1774 at Rome)
- Ferdinando Maria de' Rossi (September 24, 1759) – Cardinal-Priest of S. Cecilia; prefect of the S.C. of the Tridentine Council (died on February 4, 1775 at Rome)
Divisions in the Sacred College
The College of Cardinals was generally divided into two blocs: curial, pro-Jesuit (zelanti) and political, anti-Jesuit. The first one was formed by the Italian curial cardinals who opposed the secular influences on the Church. The second one included crown-cardinals of the Catholic courts. These two blocs were in no way homogenous. Zelanti were divided into moderate and radical factions. The anti-Jesuit bloc was divided into several national groups with different interests.
The leader of Zelanti was Cardinal Marcantonio Colonna. The other representatives of this faction were Giovanni Battista Rezzonico, his relative Carlo Rezzonico, who occupied the important office of the camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church, Gian Francesco Albani, dean of the College of Cardinals, and Alessandro Albani, archdeacon of the College. The Rezzonichi represented the radical wing of this faction, while the Albanis and Colonna represented the moderate wing. Among the anti-Jesuit cardinals the main leader was Cardinal de Bernis, ambassador of Louis XVI of France. The interests of Charles III of Spain were represented by Cardona, interests of Ferdinand III of Sicily/Ferdinand IV of Naples by Orsini, while those of Maria Theresa of Austria and her son Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor were under the care of Migazzi and Corsini. Also very influential was Cardinal Giraud, former nuncio in France. Several cardinals were not counted among the members of these factions.[37]
There was no main favourite of the conclave. About thirty cardinals were considered papabile.[1]
Conclave
The conclave began on October 5, 1774. Initially there were only 28 participants. By the middle of December their number reached only 39, but by the end of the conclave five more cardinals arrived.[38]
Cardinal Marcantonio Colonna, taking advantage of the small number of electors, mostly curial cardinals belonging to his zelanti faction, tried to release Father Ricci from prison. This initiative obtained support of camerlengo Carlo Rezzonico and of Cardinal of York, but the anti-Jesuit faction was strong enough to frustrate it.[1]
Every day at least one ballot took place, but no candidates with serious chances for the election were proposed at the beginning, because the number of electors was relatively small and they were obliged to await the arrival of the rest, particularly of those representatives of the courts who did not reside in Rome. Zelanti voted mainly for their leader Colonna, who received the greatest number of votes in these initial ballots, but certainly had no chances to secure the required majority of two thirds.[39] Some other candidates were also put forward by the Zelanti, but they were all rejected by crown-cardinals as too pro-Jesuit.[1] Against the candidature of Giovanni Carlo Boschi the Bourbon courts even pronounced the official papal veto.[2]
Although the court factions cooperated by blocking of Zelanti candidates, they were unable to agree upon one of their own. Spain supported Pallavicino, while Austria favoured Visconti, a former nuncio at Vienna. Towards the end of 1774, the name of young Cardinal Giovanni Angelo Braschi was raised for the first time. Braschi belonged to the moderate wing of the Zelanti faction. He was advanced by Cardinal Giraud, and obtained a significant number of votes. The crown-cardinals rejected Braschi as pro-Jesuit,[40] although Cardinal de Bernis in his report for the French court found him moderate man and did not exclude the support for him in the future, if no better candidate would be found. No consensus had been achieved before the end of 1774.[41]
In January 1775 cardinals Migazzi, Borromeo, Caracciolo, Pallavicino and Visconti were proposed by the political factions, but without any significant success, because Zelanti rejected all candidates recommended by the monarchs.[42] Cardinal Zelada tried to mediate between factions, proposing to reduce the number of candidates to six, of whom each of the two blocs had to advance three, and to elect the one who would be the most acceptable for all. But this initiative had also failed.[43]
Gradually French Cardinals de Bernis and Luynes came to the conclusion that it was impossible to find any better candidate with chances for election than the initially rejected Cardinal Braschi. This was the turning point of the conclave. Braschi's candidacy gained important and influential allies. But Spain and Portugal still opposed him as too favorable toward the Jesuits. Braschi also had some opponents in the radical wing of his own party. To secure the required majority, Cardinal de Bernis aligned himself with Cardinal Zelada, who acted as mediator: de Bernis had to convince the political factions, while Zelada had to overcome the opposition among the radical Zelanti.[44] Also Cardinal Albani was engaged in the promotion of Braschi.[1]
Cardinal Zelada secured the support of Zelanti without serious problems. Spain's candidate, Pallavicino, openly declared that he would not accept the tiara and supported Braschi.[45] The other political factions agreed when Braschi promised the ratification of the suppression of the Jesuits, his friendship to the House of Bourbon and to the House of Habsburg, and agreed to be guided by the allies in the distribution of State offices.[1]
Election of Pius VI
On February 15, 1775, after 134 days of deliberation, on the 265th ballot,[46] Cardinal Giovanni Angelo Braschi was elected to the papacy receiving all votes except his own,[44] which, according to custom, he gave to Gian Francesco Albani, dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals. He took the name of Pius VI, in honour of St. Pius V.[38]
On February 22, 1775 the Pope-elect was consecrated bishop of Rome by Cardinal Dean Gian Francesco Albani, bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina, assisted by Sub-dean Henry Benedict Stuart, bishop of Frascati, and Camerlengo Carlo Rezzonico, bishop of Sabina. On the same day he was also solemnly crowned by Cardinal Alessandro Albani, protodeacon of S. Maria in Via Lata.[47]
Notes
- ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 The Triple Crown
- ^ 2.0 2.1 Pattenden, Miles. Electing the Pope in Early Modern Italy, 1450-1700, Oxford University Press, 2017, ISBN 9780192517999
- ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 S. Miranda Conclave of 1774–75
- ^ 萨尔瓦多·米兰达. Consistory of April 10, 1747 (II) - Celebrated in Rome. 佛罗里达国际大学佛罗里达国际大学. [2018-01-27]. (原始内容存档于2018-01-27) (英语).
- ^ Miranda, Salvador. Consistory of July 3, 1747 (II) - Celebrated in Rome. 佛罗里达国际大学佛罗里达国际大学. [2018-01-27]. (原始内容存档于2018-01-27) (英语).
- ^ Salvador Miranda in his list of participants of this conclave erroneously indicate that Fabrizio Serbelloni, bishop of Ostia e Velletri, was dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals. Although the see of Ostia e Velletri was customary assigned to the dean of the Sacred College, the dean at that time was Cardinal Gian Francesco Albani, bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina. (Gaetano Moroni, Dizionario di erudizione storico-ecclesiastica da S. Pietro sino ai nostri giorni, Tipografia Emiliana, Venice 1840–1861, vol. LXIV, p. 173)
- ^ Miranda, Salvador. Consistory of November 26, 1753 (IV). 佛罗里达国际大学佛罗里达国际大学. [2018-02-01]. (原始内容存档于2018-02-01) (英语).
- ^ Miranda, Salvador. Consistory of September 11, 1758 (I). 佛罗里达国际大学. [2018-02-01]. (原始内容存档于2018-02-01) (英语).
- ^ Miranda, Salvador. Consistory of October 2, 1758 (II). 佛罗里达国际大学. [2018-02-01]. (原始内容存档于2018-02-01) (英语).
- ^ Miranda, Salvador. Consistory of October 2, 1758 (II). 佛罗里达国际大学. [2018-02-01]. (原始内容存档于2018-02-01) (英语).
- ^ Miranda, Salvador. Consistory of April 10, 1747 (II) - Celebrated in Rome. 佛罗里达国际大学. [2018-01-27]. (原始内容存档于2018-01-27) (英语).
- ^ Miranda, Salvador. Consistory of November 26, 1753 (IV). 佛罗里达国际大学. [2018-02-01]. (原始内容存档于2018-02-01) (英语).
- ^ Miranda, Salvador. Consistory of April 22, 1754 (V). 佛罗里达国际大学. [2018-02-01]. (原始内容存档于2018-02-01) (英语).
- ^ Miranda, Salvador. Consistory of April 22, 1754 (V). 佛罗里达国际大学. [2018-02-01]. (原始内容存档于2018-02-01) (英语).
- ^ Miranda, Salvador. Consistory of April 5, 1756 (VII) - Celebrated in Rome. 佛罗里达国际大学. [2018-02-01]. (原始内容存档于2018-02-01) (英语).
- ^ Miranda, Salvador. Consistory of September 24, 1759 (III). 佛罗里达国际大学. [2018-01-28]. (原始内容存档于2018-01-28) (英语).
- ^ Miranda, Salvador. Consistory of September 24, 1759 (III). 佛罗里达国际大学. [2018-01-28]. (原始内容存档于2018-01-28) (英语).
- ^ Miranda, Salvador. Consistory of November 23, 1761 (IV). 佛罗里达国际大学. [2018-02-01]. (原始内容存档于2018-02-01) (英语).
- ^ Miranda, Salvador. Consistory of November 23, 1761 (IV). 佛罗里达国际大学. [2018-02-01]. (原始内容存档于2018-02-01) (英语).
- ^ Miranda, Salvador. Consistory of July 18, 1763 (V). 佛罗里达国际大学. [2018-02-01]. (原始内容存档于2018-02-01) (英语).
- ^ Miranda, Salvador. Consistory of July 21, 1766 (VI). 佛罗里达国际大学. [2018-02-01]. (原始内容存档于2018-02-01) (英语).
- ^ Miranda, Salvador. Consistory of July 21, 1766 (VI). 佛罗里达国际大学. [2018-02-01]. (原始内容存档于2018-02-01) (英语).
- ^ Miranda, Salvador. Consistory of September 26, 1766 (VII). 佛罗里达国际大学. [2018-01-29]. (原始内容存档于2018-01-29) (英语).
- ^ Miranda, Salvador. Consistory of September 26, 1766 (VII). 佛罗里达国际大学. [2018-01-29]. (原始内容存档于2018-01-29) (英语).
- ^ 萨尔瓦多·米兰达. Consistory of January 29, 1770 (II) - Celebrated in Rome. 佛罗里达国际大学. [2018-02-01]. (原始内容存档于2018-02-01) (英语).
- ^ 萨尔瓦多·米兰达. Consistory of September 10, 1770 (IV) - Celebrated in Rome. 佛罗里达国际大学. [2018-02-01]. (原始内容存档于2018-02-01) (英语).
- ^ Miranda, Salvador. Consistory of July 16, 1721 (II) - Celebrated in Rome. Florida International University. [2018-02-01]. (原始内容存档于2018-02-01) (英语).
- ^ Miranda, Salvador. Consistory of July 16, 1721 (II) - Celebrated in Rome. Florida International University. [2018-02-01]. (原始内容存档于2018-02-01) (英语).
- ^ Miranda, Salvador. Consistory of September 9, 1743 (I) - Celebrated in Rome. Florida International University. [2018-01-27]. (原始内容存档于2018-01-27) (英语).
- ^ Miranda, Salvador. Consistory of November 26, 1753 (IV). Florida International University. [2018-02-01]. (原始内容存档于2018-02-01) (英语).
- ^ Miranda, Salvador. Consistory of September 24, 1759 (III). Florida International University. [2018-01-28]. (原始内容存档于2018-01-28) (英语).
- ^ Miranda, Salvador. Consistory of September 24, 1759 (III). Florida International University. [2018-01-28]. (原始内容存档于2018-01-28) (英语).
- ^ Miranda, Salvador. Consistory of July 18, 1763 (V). Florida International University. [2018-02-01]. (原始内容存档于2018-02-01) (英语).
- ^ Miranda, Salvador. Consistory of July 18, 1763 (V). Florida International University. [2018-02-01]. (原始内容存档于2018-02-01) (英语).
- ^ Miranda, Salvador. Consistory of September 26, 1766 (VII). Florida International University. [2018-01-29]. (原始内容存档于2018-01-29) (英语).
- ^ Miranda, Salvador. Consistory of September 26, 1766 (VII). Florida International University. [2018-01-29]. (原始内容存档于2018-01-29) (英语).
- ^ Bourgoing, p. 5–7
- ^ 38.0 38.1 Damian Hungs: Pius VI 互联网档案馆的存档,存档日期2007-09-28.
- ^ Bourgoing, p. 14–15
- ^ Ott, Michael. "Pope Pius VI." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 30 May 2018
- ^ Bourgoing, p. 17–18
- ^ Bourgoing, p. 19
- ^ Bourgoing, p. 20; Damian Hungs: Pius VI 互联网档案馆的存档,存档日期2007-09-28.
- ^ 44.0 44.1 Bourgoing, p. 23
- ^ Bourgoing, p. 22
- ^ K. Dopierała, p. 370
- ^ S. Miranda: Cardinal Giovanni Angelo Braschi (Pope Pius VI)
Sources
- Jean-François Bourgoing, Historical and Philosophical Memoirs of Pius the Sixth and of His Pontificate, 1799
- S. Miranda: List of participants of the conclave, 1774–75
- Damian Hungs: Papst Pius VI
- Valérie Pirie The Triple Crown: An Account of the Papal Conclaves
- Kazimierz Dopierała, Księga papieży, Pallotinum, Poznań 1996