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芬兰入侵拉多加卡累利阿是1941年发动的军事行动，被普遍认为是继续战争的一部分。芬军在战争初期就解放了拉多加卡累利阿，当地曾根据作为结束冬季战争的《莫斯科和平协定》，于1940年3月13日割让给苏联。后来苏联于1944年夏季的维堡-彼得罗扎沃茨克攻势解放了东拉多加卡累利阿。
初始部队布局
芬军在继续战争开打之时摆出的是防守阵势，但曼纳海姆于6月29日创建了卡累利阿军团，交由埃里克·海因里克斯少将指挥，并下令准备进攻拉多加卡累利阿。卡累利阿军团包含第六军（下辖第5及第11师）、第七军（下辖第7及第19师）及奥因农南战斗群（Group Oinonen，也被称为0战斗群，下辖骑兵旅、第1及第2猎兵旅）。芬兰第1师则作为预备队。[1]芬军计划先推进至拉多加湖岸，再沿着岸边深入以分割苏联守军。[2]
苏军方面驻防的是第7军团、索尔塔瓦拉附近的第168步兵师及亚尼斯湖北面的第71步兵师。苏军沿着索尔塔瓦拉边境、瓦尔奇拉及柯尔皮瑟卡（Korpiselkä）等重要路口均修筑了野战防御工事。[3]
发起攻势
7月9日，芬军收到发起攻势的指令，其中帕沃·塔尔韦拉指挥之第6军的主要任务，系在突破苏军在瓦尔奇拉及柯尔皮瑟卡（Korpiselkä）的防线。[4]芬军的攻势很快就压倒苏方守军。鲁本·拉古斯指挥的芬兰第1猎兵旅从0战斗群中调来，以作为攻势的矛头，并成功在苏军防线上撕裂出突破口，随后芬军轻步兵（部分人员配备脚踏车）便透过这个缺口向前推进。[5]
由芬兰第六军的第11师组成的右翼攻势，在亚尼斯湖东岸遭遇苏军的激烈抵抗，直至7月16日芬军才扫清障碍。扫荡完毕后，第11师向前推进并绕过亚尼斯湖南端，并沿着耶尼斯河面西方建立阵地。[5]同时，位于亚尼斯湖西岸的芬兰第七军也向南进攻，然而苏军强大的防御工事阻滞了芬军攻势，后者直到7月15日才攻抵苏军主力防线。7月17日，芬兰第七军才推进到耶尼斯河，并于四天后才完成对周围残余苏军的扫荡。[6]由于芬军的推进将战线扩大，因此部分部队于7月16日开始重新部署，其中芬兰第1师奉命掩护东翼的推进，而芬兰第17师也留下汉科海军基地当地的苏联守军，同样被重新部署到东翼。。拥有两个团的德国第163步兵师则收到夺取苏维拉提（Suvilahti, Republic of Karelia）城镇及周边铁路要道的命令，这些调度有效地让区芬军力量一跃至三个师。[5]
The Finnish advance on the left flank of the VI Corps by the two-brigade-strong Group Oinonen stalled almost as soon as it had started. Its advance tied down some Soviet troops, but Talvela who commanded the Finnish VI Corps assessed that Group Oinonen's mission had been a resounding failure. However, he also criticized his superior's orders to use these lighter troops against known strong Soviet positions.[7]
The main Finnish advance continued southwards towards the town of Loimola (ru), through which ran the railroad between Sortavala and Petrozavodsk. Loimola was captured by the Finnish forces by July 15. General Talvela pressed his forces further and the 1st Jaegar Brigade finished its 110 km long contested advance when it reached the shore of Lake Ladoga at Koirinoja (ru) the next day. This also severed the connections between the Soviet forces in the area.[8] While Talvela continued his advance both further east along the shore of the Lake Ladoga as well as further inland the Soviets had reorganized some of their forces and were rushing reinforcements to the east shore of Lake Ladoga. The Soviet 452nd Motorized Infantry Regiment set up defensive positions around the town of Salmi; however advancing Finnish forces encircled the defenders and captured Salmi by 21 July. After the VI Corps reached the 1939 border on July 23 Mannerheim ordered a halt the next day to advances further east and set the forces to preparing defensive positions along the Tuulema River.[8] Crossing of the 1939 border did not sit well with all of the Finns and over 2,000 men initially refused to cross the old border.[9]
Continued fighting in Ladoga Karelia
The Finnish 7th Division of the VII Corps launched its attack towards the town of Sortavala from the east and managed to capture the village of Ruskeala on July 25 allowing the Finns to present a unified front against the Soviets defending Sortavala. The Soviets had in turn reinforced their defending 168th Rifle Division in the area with the Soviet 198th Motorized Division and prepared to launch a counterattack towards Jänisjoki River however the Finns managed to capture the plans of the Soviet counterattack. With access to the Soviet plans and having fresh troops readied against the Soviet advance, the counterattack failed and by August 1 the Soviet 198th Motorized Division was already in full retreat. The Finnish decision to order the Finnish II Army Corps to advance trapped the Soviet forces.[10]
By August 7 the Finnish 2nd Division of the II Corps had already reached the shore of Lake Ladoga at Lahdenpohja and cut off the Soviet divisions north-west of Lake Ladoga from their intended withdrawal routes. Near Sortavala the attacking Finnish forces of the 2nd, 7th and 19th divisions were reorganized into the I Army Corps and the town fell to the Finnish forces on August 15. The defending Soviet forces of the 168th Rifle Division withdrew along the coast but were encircled. The Soviets managed to evacuate most of their manpower on barges over Lake Ladoga. The Finns captured large amounts of war material that the Soviets had not been able to evacuate.[11]
参见
参考
注解
- ^ Lunde (2011) p. 158
- ^ Nenye (2016) p. 68
- ^ Nenye (2016) p. 70
- ^ Lunde (2011) p. 159
- ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Lunde (2011) p. 160
- ^ Nenye (2016) pp. 81-82
- ^ Nenye (2016) p. 81
- ^ 8.0 8.1 Lunde (2011) p. 161
- ^ Nenye (2016) p. 84
- ^ Nenye (2016) p. 87-88
- ^ Nenye (2016) p. 88-89
参考书目
- Lunde, Henrik O. Finland's War of Choice: The Troubled German-Finnish Alliance in World War II. Newbury: Casemate Publishers. 2011. ISBN 978-1-61200-037-4.
- Nenye, Vesa; Munter, Peter; Wirtanen, Tony; Birks, Chris. Finland at War: The Continuation and Lapland Wars 1941–45. Osprey Publishing. 2016. ISBN 978-1-4728-1526-2.