亨利·埃弗里
英国的海盗和船长
亨利·埃弗里（Henry Every、Henry Avery；1653年8月20日—？），有时又叫杰克·埃弗里（Jack Avery）、约翰·埃弗里（John Avery），此外还用过化名Benjamin Bridgeman、Long Ben等，是一位著名的17世纪英国海盗，是少数逃脱绞刑的海盗之一，被称为“海盗王”[1]。
| 亨利·埃弗里 | |
|---|---|
 《海盗通史》上的画像 | |
| 出生 | 1653年8月20日 英国德文郡普利茅斯牛顿费勒斯 |
| 逝世 | 1699-1714年 可能是英格兰德文郡 |
| 职业 | 海盗 |
他最著名的事迹是抢劫了莫卧儿帝国派往麦加朝圣的“根杰伊萨瓦伊号”（Ganj-i-sawai）单桅三角帆船及其护卫舰“法塔赫穆罕默德号”（Fateh Muhammed），这次行动中他抢得了价值£600,000（2024年的£9708万[2]）的财宝，使得他成为当时世界上最有钱的海盗。然而这也严重影响了英国和莫卧儿帝国之间的关系，英国枢密院和东印度公司因此悬赏£1,000通缉埃弗里[3]。虽然他的很多船员遭到了逮捕，但埃弗里本人却得以逃脱[4]。
生平
1653年8月20日，他出生于德文郡普利茅斯东南9.7千米（6英里）处的小村Newton Ferrers[5][6]。埃弗里年轻时曾在皇家海军服役，三十岁出头时是鲁珀特号（HMS Rupert）上的海军军官候补生，船长为弗朗西斯·惠勒（Francis Wheeler）[7]。1690年6月末，他跟随惠勒乘上阿尔比马尔号（HMS Albemarle），可能两星期后参与过英法之间的比奇角战役（Battle of Beachy Head），英军大败亏输[8][9]。同年8月29日，他被踢出了皇家海军。[10][11]
离开皇家海军之后，他开始从事大西洋的黑奴贸易活动，为皇家非洲公司工作[12][13]。1693年，埃弗里加入了一艘名为查理二世号的私掠船，船长叫查尔斯·吉布森（Charles Gibson）[14]，受雇于西班牙，专门打击法国的商船及海盗。不过大半年间，查理二世号都没有遇上法国的商船或海盗，船员都没有粮饷，因此船员发生叛变，在加勒比海的一个岛上将船偷走，埃弗里则被推举为新任船长，并将船只易名为幻想号（Fancy）。
成为船长后，埃弗里在加勒比海一带与其他海盗结成联盟。1695年，埃弗里与其他海盗袭击了莫卧儿王朝的船只，夺去了巨额财宝，莫卧儿王朝向英国施压，英国发出通缉令通缉埃弗里，但埃弗里得到巴哈马总督的疪护。后来，埃弗里出航到爱尔兰，英国海军闻风赶到，捕捉了埃弗里的同党，但埃弗里已经消声匿迹，自此再没有任何埃弗里的踪影，埃弗里成为少数最终能逃过绞刑的海盗。世间一般认为他是在1699年于英格兰逝世。
参考文献
- ^ Burgess 2009a，第138页
- ^ 见英国零售价指数，数据来自Clark, Gregory. The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series). MeasuringWorth. 2017 [2022-06-11].
- ^ Burgess 2009a，第144页
- ^ Woodard 2007
- ^ Baer 2005，第91页
- ^ Marley 2010，第589页
- ^ Baer 1994，第3页
- ^ Baer 1994，第4页
- ^ Marley 2010，第590页
- ^ Fox 2008，第19–29页
- ^ Marley 2010，第589–590页
- ^ Botting 1978，第80页
- ^ Phillips 1744，第197页
- ^ Baer 2005，第230页
- ^ 17世纪的海盗王可能逃到了北美. www.solidot.org. [2021-04-07]. （原始内容存档于2022-05-24）.
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