内陆太攀蛇

内陆太攀蛇学名Oxyuranns microlepidotus),又名细鳞太攀蛇西陆太攀蛇内陆盾尖吻蛇,属眼镜蛇科太攀蛇属,是澳大利亚中东部半干旱地区的特有蛇种。[2]居住在这些地区的土著澳大利亚人称其为“Dandarabilla”。[3][4]内陆太攀蛇率先于1879年由弗雷德里克·麦科伊(Frederick McCoy)发现并描述,之后又于1882年由威廉·约翰·麦克莱(William John Macleay)发现并描述,但在接下来的90年中,内陆太攀蛇对科学界来说是一个神秘的物种。由于找不到更多的标本,对于该物种的认知直到1972年被重新发现之前基本停滞。[5]

内陆太攀蛇
科学分类 编辑
界: 动物界 Animalia
门: 脊索动物门 Chordata
纲: 爬行纲 Reptilia
目: 有鳞目 Squamata
亚目: 蛇亚目 Serpentes
科: 眼镜蛇科 Elapidae
属: 太攀蛇属 Oxyuranus
种:
内陆太攀蛇 O. microlepidotus
二名法
Oxyuranus microlepidotus
(McCoy, 1879)
内陆太攀蛇分布范围(红色)

内陆太攀蛇是世界毒性最强的陆栖蛇类。基于小鼠的半数致死量值,它的毒液毒性是迄今为止所有毒蛇中最强的,甚至比海蛇还要强。[6][7][8]人体心脏细胞培养测试表明,内陆太攀蛇具有爬行动物中毒性最大的毒液。[9][10][11]与大多数蛇类不同,内陆太攀蛇的毒液特别适合杀死恒温动物,所以也是专业的哺乳动物猎手。据估计,被内陆太攀蛇一次咬伤便具有足够的杀伤力,可以杀死至少100名成年男子,[12][13]并且根据咬伤的性质,如果不进行治疗,其有可能在30至45分钟内杀死人类。[14]

内陆太攀蛇是一种速度极快且敏捷的蛇,能够以极高的准确度立即攻击任何物种,经常会在同一次攻击幅度中发出多次攻击,[15][16]并且几乎每次攻击都能向被攻击物种植入毒液。[17]

虽然内陆太攀蛇极具毒性且善于攻击。但与更加激进的海岸太攀蛇相比,内陆太攀蛇通常非常害羞,喜于隐居,[18]性格平静且更偏向摆脱威胁。[19] 然而如果被激怒、[20]处理不当[21]或在逃跑时被干扰,会进行自卫并攻击。 [22]此外由于内陆太攀蛇生活在偏远的地方,很少与人接触,[23]因此根据其性格与年致人死亡数方面,内陆太攀蛇并不被认为是世界上最致命的蛇。[24]

参考资料

  1. ^ Wilson, S.; Dickman, C.; Hobson, R.; Sanderson, C. Oxyuranus Scutellatus also known as the inland taipan. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018, 2018: e.T42493150A42493160 [19 November 2021]. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T42493150A42493160.en . 
  2. ^ Cecilie Beatson (November 29, 2011). ANIMAL SPECIES:Inland Taipan页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆Australian Museum. Retrieved October 14, 2013.
  3. ^ Queensland Snakes . History & Discovery. (archived) Queensland Museum. Retrieved November 15, 2013.
  4. ^ Pearn, John; Winkel, Kenneth D. Toxinology in Australia's colonial era: A chronology and perspective of human envenomation in 19th century Australia. Toxicon. December 2006, 48 (7): 726–737. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2006.07.027. 
  5. ^ Rediscovery. The Rediscovery of the Western Taipan. (archived) Queensland Museum. Retrieved November 15, 2013.
  6. ^ * The Australian venom research unit (August 25, 2007). "Which snakes are the most venomous?"页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). University of Melbourne. Retrieved October 14, 2013.
  7. ^ * LISTS . Nine of the World's Deadliest Snakes页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). "#1: The snake with the world's deadliest venom - Oxyuranus microlepidotus" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved November 5, 2013.
  8. ^ Inland Taipan Venom vs. Sea Snakes Venom (most notable Belcher's sea snake)
  9. ^ Fry, Bryan页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) (February 08, 2005) Most Venomous页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆),"Q;I was wondering what snakes venom is the most potent to humans A:Drop for drop it is the inland taipan (Oxyuranus microlepidotus), which has a venom more toxic than any other land snake or even the sea snakes." venomdoc.com Forums, Retrieved April 17, 2014
  10. ^ Seymour, Jamie, World's Worst Venom页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), (Min 44.33) "Among the reptiles tested, the most toxic venom belongs to inland taipan, killing over 60% of heart cells in the first 10 minutes" National Geographic Channel Retrieved April 17, 2014
  11. ^ Seymour, Jamie, Venom Death Match页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) "They have the most toxic venom towards humans then any other snake in the world" (min 1:49) National Geographic Channel, Retrieved April 17, 2014
  12. ^ * Shorter, Damon. Great Australian bites – Three of the worst页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved October 16, 2013.
  13. ^ * Journal of Herpetology Vol.17 no.1 (1983) Ecology of Highly Venoumous Snakes: the Australian Genus Oxyuranus页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). "..the number of mouse LD50 doses per bite is much higher for Oxyuranus microlepidotus (218,000 mice)...than for any other snakes, including sea snakes, investigated to date (Broad, Sutherland and Coulter, 1979)." (page 1) University of Sydney. Retrieved November 8, 2013.
  14. ^ * Hoy, Tiffany, (July 25, 2012) Gallery: Australia's 10 most dangerous snakes页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), Australian Geographic retrieved April 02.,2014
  15. ^ * (November 29, 2011). Snake Bite页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), Raymond Hoser (Official YouTube channel) retrieved March 31, 2014
  16. ^ * Seymour, Jamie, Venom deathmatch页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) The snake demonstrates striking multiple times (min 1:49) National Geographic Channel, Retrieved April 17, 2014
  17. ^ ABC News 24 (September 27, 2012) . Teen hospitalised after bite from deadly Taipan页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). (Quoting Toxicologist, Dr Geoff Isbister页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)) . Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved November 13, 2013.
  18. ^ * Cecilie Beatson (November 29, 2011). ANIMAL SPECIES:Inland Taipan页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) "The venom of the Inland Taipan is extremely potent and is rated as the most toxic of all snake venoms in LD50 tests on mice". Australian Museum. Retrieved October 14, 2013.
  19. ^ * Carbone, Nick reporting on Steve Irwin (September 04, 2011). Remembering Steve Irwin: The 5 Most Memorable Crocodile Hunter Videos页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) "Steve Irwin Plays with Inland Taipan (Fierce Snake)". 时代杂志. Retrieved October 15, 2013.
  20. ^ * Cecilie Beatson (November 29, 2011). ANIMAL SPECIES:Inland Taipan页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) "The venom of the Inland Taipan is extremely potent and is rated as the most toxic of all snake venoms in LD50 tests on mice". Australian Museum. Retrieved October 14, 2013.
  21. ^ * ABC News 24 (September 28, 2012) . 'Placid' taipan in safe hands页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). (Quoting licensed reptile handler, Judith {Judy} Martin页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)) . Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved November 13, 2013.
  22. ^ Carbone, Nick reporting on Steve Irwin (September 04, 2011). Remembering Steve Irwin: The 5 Most Memorable Crocodile Hunter Videos页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) "Steve Irwin Plays with Inland Taipan (Fierce Snake)". 时代杂志. Retrieved October 15, 2013.
  23. ^ Aussie Animals.Inland Taipan (Oxyuranus microlepidotus)页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). Billabong Sanctuary. Retrieved October 18, 2013.
  24. ^ * Venomous Snakes. World's Deadliest Snakes – Ranking scale页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). Reptile Gardens. Retrieved October 18, 2013.