单倍群C-M217

单倍群C-M217,也称C2(以前称C3), 是一个Y染色体DNA单倍群以及单倍群C-M130的下游分支之一。

单倍群C-M217[1]
起源时间50,865 [95% CI 38,317 <-> 61,900] 年前[2]
52,500 或 44,900 年前[3]
48,400 [95% CI 46,000 <-> 50,900] 年前[4]
共祖年代35,383 [95% CI 25,943 <-> 44,092] 年前[2]

34,000 [95% CI 31,500 <-> 36,700] 年前[4]
起源地东亚
上游单倍群单倍群C-M130
对应突变M217, P44, PK2
分布区域Oroqen 61%[5]-91%,[6] Evenks 44%[6]-71%,[7][8] Ulchi 69%,[9] Kazakhs 33% [10],[11]Buryats 7%[12]-84%,[13]Evens 5%[8]-74%,[14] Mongolians 23.7% [15]-54%,[5] Tanana 42%,[16] -41.18%[17] Nivkhs 38%,[13] Hazaras 35%[18]–40%,[19] Koryaks 33%,[7][8] Daur 31%,[5] Yukaghir 31%,[20] Manchu 30% (8.3% [21] -51.8% [22]) Hezhe 29.6% [23], Sibe 29.3% [24], Dong 28% [25], Tujia 28%[25], Hani 25% [5], North Korean 23% (19% [26]-27% [27]), Altai 22%[14]-24%,[6] Kyrgyz 20%,[18] Uzbeks 20%,[6], South Korean 16% (11.6% [28]-21% [29]), Cheyenne 16%,[16] Apache 15%,[16] Northern Han 14.7% (4.3%-29.6%),[27] Tuvans 11%[30] – 15%,[20] Ainu 12.5%[13]-25%,[14] Hui 11%,[5][6] Sioux 11%,[16] Nogais 14%,[31] Crimean Tatars 9%,[31] Uyghurs 8.27% (0% Urumqi,[5] 0% Turpan area,[27] 2.6% Keriya,[32] 3.1% Lopnur,[32] 6.0%,[14] 6.0% Urumqi area,[27] 6.3% Bortala area,[27] 7.0% Yining area,[27] 7.7% Yili,[5] 8.37% Hetian area,[33] 11.8% Horiqol Township,[32] 16.08% Turpan area[33]), Vietnamese 7.6% (4.3%-12.5%[34]), Tajiks (Afghanistan) 7.6% (3.6%[35]-9.2%[18]), Southern Han 7.1% (0%-23.5%),[27] Tabassarans 7%,[36]Abazinians 7%,[37] Japanese 5.9% (0%[14]-7.8%[38]), Adygei 2.9%,[39] Kabardians 2.4%,[39]Pasthun 2.04%[17]

分布

单倍群C-M217起源于东亚,分布广泛,西至南欧,北至西伯利亚,东至南美洲,南至海洋东南亚。有两个主要分支:C2a-L1373和C2b-F1067。

C2a-L1373(原名C2b、C3c)的下游支系主要分布在蒙古族卡尔梅克族达斡尔族鄂伦春族鄂温克族鄂温族通古斯民族、尼夫赫族哈萨克族哈扎拉族满族等。还分出一支C-P39,主要分布于美洲[40][41][41][42][43][44][45]

C2b-F1067(原名C2c、C2e)的下游支系主要分布在汉族满族朝鲜族布里亚特族苗族土家族侗族瑶族白族等。还分出一支C2b2-CTS4660,主要分布于岭南[46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54]

参考文献

  1. ^ ISOGG, 2015 "Y-DNA Haplogroup C and its Subclades – 2015"页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) (15 September 2015).
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 Karmin, Monika; Saag, Lauri; Vicente, Mário; Sayres, Melissa A. Wilson; Järve, Mari; Talas, Ulvi Gerst; Rootsi, Siiri; Ilumäe, Anne-Mai; Mägi, Reedik; Mitt, Mario; Pagani, Luca. A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture. Genome Research. 2015-04, 25 (4). ISSN 1088-9051. PMC 4381518 . PMID 25770088. doi:10.1101/gr.186684.114 (英语). 
  3. ^ The 1000 Genomes Project Consortium; Poznik, G David; Xue, Yali; Mendez, Fernando L; Willems, Thomas F; Massaia, Andrea; Wilson Sayres, Melissa A; Ayub, Qasim; McCarthy, Shane A; Narechania, Apurva; Kashin, Seva. Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences. Nature Genetics. 2016-06, 48 (6) [2022-11-07]. ISSN 1061-4036. PMC 4884158 . PMID 27111036. doi:10.1038/ng.3559. (原始内容存档于2022-10-21) (英语). 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 C-M217 Y树. www.yfull.com. [2022-11-07]. (原始内容存档于2023-01-22). 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 Xue, Yali; Zerjal, Tatiana; Bao, Weidong; Zhu, Suling; Shu, Qunfang; Xu, Jiujin; Du, Ruofu; Fu, Songbin; Li, Pu; Hurles, Matthew E; Yang, Huanming. Male Demography in East Asia: A North–South Contrast in Human Population Expansion Times. Genetics. 2006-04-01, 172 (4) [2022-11-07]. ISSN 1943-2631. PMC 1456369 . PMID 16489223. doi:10.1534/genetics.105.054270. (原始内容存档于2022-11-07) (英语). 
  6. ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Karafet, Tatiana; Xu, Liping; Du, Ruofu; Wang, William; Feng, Shi; Wells, R. S.; Redd, Alan J.; Zegura, Stephen L.; Hammer, Michael F. Paternal Population History of East Asia: Sources, Patterns, and Microevolutionary Processes. The American Journal of Human Genetics. 2001-09-01, 69 (3) [2022-11-07]. ISSN 0002-9297. PMC 1235490 . PMID 11481588. doi:10.1086/323299. (原始内容存档于2014-02-14) (英语). 
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 Karafet, Tatiana M.; Osipova, Ludmila P.; Gubina, Marina A.; Posukh, Olga L.; Zegura, Stephen L.; Hammer, Michael F. High Levels of Y-Chromosome Differentiation among Native Siberian Populations and the Genetic Signature of a Boreal Hunter-Gatherer Way of Life. Human Biology. 2002, 74 (6) [2022-11-07]. ISSN 1534-6617. doi:10.1353/hub.2003.0006. (原始内容存档于2022-10-06) (英语). 
  8. ^ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Pakendorf, Brigitte; Novgorodov, Innokentij N.; Osakovskij, Vladimir L.; Stoneking, Mark. Mating patterns amongst Siberian reindeer herders: Inferences from mtDNA and Y-chromosomal analyses. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 2007-07, 133 (3) [2022-11-07]. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20590. (原始内容存档于2022-11-07) (英语). 
  9. ^ Balanovska, E. V.; Bogunov, Y. V.; Kamenshikova, E. N.; Balaganskaya, O. A.; Agdzhoyan, A. T.; Bogunova, A. A.; Skhalyakho, R. A.; Alborova, I. E.; Zhabagin, M. K.; Koshel, S. M.; Daragan, D. M. Demographic and Genetic Portraits of the Ulchi Population. Russian Journal of Genetics. 2018-10, 54 (10). ISSN 1022-7954. doi:10.1134/S1022795418100046 (英语). 
  10. ^ 47z TAT : 네이버 블로그. [2020-01-15]. (原始内容存档于2020-11-16). 
  11. ^ Dulik, Matthew C.; Osipova, Ludmila P.; Schurr, Theodore G. Kayser, Manfred , 编. Y-Chromosome Variation in Altaian Kazakhs Reveals a Common Paternal Gene Pool for Kazakhs and the Influence of Mongolian Expansions. PLoS ONE. 2011-03-11, 6 (3). ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3055870 . PMID 21412412. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0017548 (英语). 
  12. ^ Lell, Jeffrey T.; Sukernik, Rem I.; Starikovskaya, Yelena B.; Su, Bing; Jin, Li; Schurr, Theodore G.; Underhill, Peter A.; Wallace, Douglas C. The Dual Origin and Siberian Affinities of Native American Y Chromosomes. The American Journal of Human Genetics. 2002-01-01, 70 (1) [2022-11-07]. ISSN 0002-9297. PMC 384887 . PMID 11731934. doi:10.1086/338457. (原始内容存档于2013-10-30) (英语). 
  13. ^ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Tajima, Atsushi; Hayami, Masanori; Tokunaga, Katsushi; Juji, Takeo; Matsuo, Masafumi; Marzuki, Sangkot; Omoto, Keiichi; Horai, Satoshi. Genetic origins of the Ainu inferred from combined DNA analyses of maternal and paternal lineages. Journal of Human Genetics. 2004-04, 49 (4) [2022-11-07]. ISSN 1434-5161. doi:10.1007/s10038-004-0131-x. (原始内容存档于2022-10-27) (英语). 
  14. ^ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 Hammer MF, Karafet TM, Park H, et al. Dual origins of the Japanese: common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes. J. Hum. Genet. 2006, 51 (1): 47–58. PMID 16328082. doi:10.1007/s10038-005-0322-0. 
  15. ^ 47z TAT : 네이버 블로그. [2020-01-15]. (原始内容存档于2020-11-16). 
  16. ^ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 Zegura SL, Karafet TM, Zhivotovsky LA, Hammer MF. High-resolution SNPs and microsatellite haplotypes point to a single, recent entry of Native American Y chromosomes into the Americas. Mol. Biol. Evol. January 2004, 21 (1): 164–75. PMID 14595095. doi:10.1093/molbev/msh009. 
  17. ^ 17.0 17.1 Haber, Marc; Platt, Daniel E.; Ashrafian Bonab, Maziar; Youhanna, Sonia C.; Soria-Hernanz, David F.; Martínez-Cruz, Begoña; Douaihy, Bouchra; Ghassibe-Sabbagh, Michella; Rafatpanah, Hoshang; Ghanbari, Mohsen; Whale, John. Kayser, Manfred , 编. Afghanistan's Ethnic Groups Share a Y-Chromosomal Heritage Structured by Historical Events. PLoS ONE. 2012-03-28, 7 (3). ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3314501 . PMID 22470552. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034288 (英语). 
  18. ^ 18.0 18.1 18.2 引用错误:没有为名为DiCristofaro2013的参考文献提供内容
  19. ^ Sengupta S, Zhivotovsky LA, King R, et al. Polarity and temporality of high-resolution y-chromosome distributions in India identify both indigenous and exogenous expansions and reveal minor genetic influence of Central Asian pastoralists. Am. J. Hum. Genet. February 2006, 78 (2): 202–21. PMC 1380230 . PMID 16400607. doi:10.1086/499411. 
  20. ^ 20.0 20.1 Pakendorf B, Novgorodov IN, Osakovskij VL, Danilova AP, Protod'jakonov AP, Stoneking M. Investigating the effects of prehistoric migrations in Siberia: genetic variation and the origins of Yakuts. Hum. Genet. October 2006, 120 (3): 334–53. PMID 16845541. doi:10.1007/s00439-006-0213-2. 
  21. ^ 47z TAT : 네이버 블로그. [2020-01-15]. (原始内容存档于2020-11-16). 
  22. ^ 47z TAT : 네이버 블로그. 
  23. ^ 47z TAT : 네이버 블로그. [2020-01-15]. (原始内容存档于2020-11-16). 
  24. ^ 47z TAT : 네이버 블로그. [2020-01-15]. (原始内容存档于2020-11-16). 
  25. ^ 25.0 25.1 引用错误:没有为名为Xue2004的参考文献提供内容
  26. ^ 47z TAT : 네이버 블로그. [2020-01-15]. (原始内容存档于2020-11-16). 
  27. ^ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 27.4 27.5 27.6 Zhong, Hua; Shi, Hong; Qi, Xue-Bin; Xiao, Chun-Jie; Jin, Li; Ma, Runlin Z; Su, Bing. Global distribution of Y-chromosome haplogroup C reveals the prehistoric migration routes of African exodus and early settlement in East Asia. Journal of Human Genetics. 2010-07, 55 (7) [2022-11-07]. ISSN 1434-5161. doi:10.1038/jhg.2010.40. (原始内容存档于2023-03-05) (英语). 
  28. ^ 47z TAT : 네이버 블로그. [2020-01-15]. (原始内容存档于2020-11-16). 
  29. ^ 47z TAT : 네이버 블로그. [2020-01-15]. (原始内容存档于2020-11-16). 
  30. ^ 引用错误:没有为名为Malyarchuk2010的参考文献提供内容
  31. ^ 31.0 31.1 Marchani EE, Watkins WS, Bulayeva K, Harpending HC, Jorde LB. Culture creates genetic structure in the Caucasus: autosomal, mitochondrial, and Y-chromosomal variation in Daghestan. BMC Genet. 2008, 9: 47. PMC 2488347 . PMID 18637195. doi:10.1186/1471-2156-9-47. 
  32. ^ 32.0 32.1 32.2 LIU Shuhu, NIZAM Yilihamu, RABIYAMU Bake, ABDUKERAM Bupatima, and DOLKUN Matyusup, "A study of genetic diversity of three isolated populations in Xinjiang using Y-SNP." Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2018, 37(1): 146-156.
  33. ^ 33.0 33.1 Lu Yan (2011), "Genetic Mixture of Populations in Western China." Shanghai: Fudan University, 2011: 1-84. (Doctoral dissertation in Chinese: 陆艳, “中国西部人群的遗传混合”, 上海:复旦大学,2011: 1-84.)
  34. ^ Kim SH, Kim KC, Shin DJ, et al. High frequencies of Y-chromosome haplogroup O2b-SRY465 lineages in Korea: a genetic perspective on the peopling of Korea. Investig Genet. 2011, 2 (1): 10. PMC 3087676 . PMID 21463511. doi:10.1186/2041-2223-2-10. 
  35. ^ Marc Haber, Daniel E. Platt, Maziar Ashrafian Bonab, Sonia C |title=Afghanistan's Ethnic Groups Share a Y-Chromosomal Heritage Structured by Historical Events||date=Published: March 28, 2012|http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0034288页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆[1]页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆
  36. ^ Yunusbayev2006
  37. ^ Nasidze2004a
  38. ^ Youichi Sato, Toshikatsu Shinka, Ashraf A. Ewis, Aiko Yamauchi, Teruaki Iwamoto, and Yutaka Nakahori, "Overview of genetic variation in the Y chromosome of modern Japanese males." Anthropological Science Vol. 122(3), 131–136, 2014.
  39. ^ 39.0 39.1 Yunusbayev2012
  40. ^ Zerjal, Tatiana; Xue, Yali; Bertorelle, Giorgio; Wells, R. Spencer; Bao, Weidong; Zhu, Suling; Qamar, Raheel; Ayub, Qasim; Mohyuddin, Aisha; Fu, Songbin; Li, Pu. The genetic legacy of the Mongols. American Journal of Human Genetics. 2003-03, 72 (3) [2022-11-07]. ISSN 0002-9297. PMC 1180246 . PMID 12592608. doi:10.1086/367774. (原始内容存档于2022-11-07). 
  41. ^ 41.0 41.1 Xue, Yali; Zerjal, Tatiana; Bao, Weidong; Zhu, Suling; Lim, Si-Keun; Shu, Qunfang; Xu, Jiujin; Du, Ruofu; Fu, Songbin; Li, Pu; Yang, Huanming. Recent Spread of a Y-Chromosomal Lineage in Northern China and Mongolia. The American Journal of Human Genetics. 2005-12-01, 77 (6) [2022-11-07]. ISSN 0002-9297. PMC 1285168 . PMID 16380921. doi:10.1086/498583. (原始内容存档于2014-10-11) (英语). 
  42. ^ Karafet, Tatiana M.; Osipova, Ludmila P.; Savina, Olga V.; Hallmark, Brian; Hammer, Michael F. Siberian genetic diversity reveals complex origins of the Samoyedic‐speaking populations. American Journal of Human Biology. 2018-11, 30 (6) [2022-11-07]. ISSN 1042-0533. doi:10.1002/ajhb.23194. (原始内容存档于2022-11-07) (英语). 
  43. ^ Di Cristofaro, Julie; Pennarun, Erwan; Mazières, Stéphane; Myres, Natalie M.; Lin, Alice A.; Temori, Shah Aga; Metspalu, Mait; Metspalu, Ene; Witzel, Michael; King, Roy J.; Underhill, Peter A. Kayser, Manfred , 编. Afghan Hindu Kush: Where Eurasian Sub-Continent Gene Flows Converge. PLoS ONE. 2013-10-18, 8 (10). ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3799995 . PMID 24204668. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0076748 (英语). 
  44. ^ Malyarchuk, Boris; Derenko, Miroslava; Denisova, Galina; Wozniak, Marcin; Grzybowski, Tomasz; Dambueva, Irina; Zakharov, Ilia. Phylogeography of the Y-chromosome haplogroup C in northern Eurasia: Y-chromosome haplogroup C phylogeography. Annals of Human Genetics. 2010-11, 74 (6) [2022-11-07]. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2010.00601.x. (原始内容存档于2022-11-07) (英语). 
  45. ^ Malyarchuk, Boris; Derenko, Miroslava; Denisova, Galina; Khoyt, Sanj; Woźniak, Marcin; Grzybowski, Tomasz; Zakharov, Ilya. Y-chromosome diversity in the Kalmyks at the ethnical and tribal levels. Journal of Human Genetics. 2013-12, 58 (12) [2022-11-07]. ISSN 1434-5161. doi:10.1038/jhg.2013.108. (原始内容存档于2022-06-03) (英语). 
  46. ^ Lippold, Sebastian; Xu, Hongyang; Ko, Albert; Li, Mingkun; Renaud, Gabriel; Butthof, Anne; Schröder, Roland; Stoneking, Mark. Human paternal and maternal demographic histories: insights from high-resolution Y chromosome and mtDNA sequences. Investigative Genetics. 2014, 5 [2022-11-07]. ISSN 2041-2223. PMC 4174254 . PMID 25254093. doi:10.1186/2041-2223-5-13. (原始内容存档于2022-11-07). 
  47. ^ Yan, Shi; Wang, Chuan-Chao; Zheng, Hong-Xiang; Wang, Wei; Qin, Zhen-Dong; Wei, Lan-Hai; Wang, Yi; Pan, Xue-Dong; Fu, Wen-Qing; He, Yun-Gang; Xiong, Li-Jun. Su, Bing , 编. Y Chromosomes of 40% Chinese Descend from Three Neolithic Super-Grandfathers. PLoS ONE. 2014-08-29, 9 (8). ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4149484 . PMID 25170956. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0105691 (英语). 
  48. ^ Mj, Park; Hy, Lee; Ny, Kim; Ey, Lee; Wi, Yang; Kj, Shin. Y-SNP miniplexes for East Asian Y-chromosomal haplogroup determination in degraded DNA. Forensic science international. Genetics. 2013 Jan, 7 (1) [2022-11-07]. ISSN 1878-0326. PMID 22818129. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2012.06.014. (原始内容存档于2022-11-07) (英语). 
  49. ^ Genetic Testing for Ancestry, Family History & Genealogy. FamilyTreeDNA. [2020-01-15]. (原始内容存档于2022-04-22) (英语). 
  50. ^ Hallast, P.; Batini, C.; Zadik, D.; Maisano Delser, P.; Wetton, J. H.; Arroyo-Pardo, E.; Cavalleri, G. L.; de Knijff, P.; Destro Bisol, G.; Dupuy, B. M.; Eriksen, H. A. The Y-Chromosome Tree Bursts into Leaf: 13,000 High-Confidence SNPs Covering the Majority of Known Clades. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 2015-03-01, 32 (3) [2022-11-07]. ISSN 0737-4038. PMC 4327154 . PMID 25468874. doi:10.1093/molbev/msu327. (原始内容存档于2022-11-07) (英语). 
  51. ^ Kharkov, V. N.; Khamina, K. V.; Medvedeva, O. F.; Simonova, K. V.; Eremina, E. R.; Stepanov, V. A. Gene pool of Buryats: Clinal variability and territorial subdivision based on data of Y-chromosome markers. Russian Journal of Genetics. 2014-02, 50 (2). ISSN 1022-7954. doi:10.1134/S1022795413110082 (英语). 
  52. ^ Gayden, Tenzin; Cadenas, Alicia M.; Regueiro, Maria; Singh, Nanda B.; Zhivotovsky, Lev A.; Underhill, Peter A.; Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi L.; Herrera, Rene J. The Himalayas as a Directional Barrier to Gene Flow. The American Journal of Human Genetics. 2007-05-01, 80 (5) [2022-11-07]. ISSN 0002-9297. PMC 1852741 . PMID 17436243. doi:10.1086/516757. (原始内容存档于2014-01-06) (英语). 
  53. ^ Fornarino, Simona; Pala, Maria; Battaglia, Vincenza; Maranta, Ramona; Achilli, Alessandro; Modiano, Guido; Torroni, Antonio; Semino, Ornella; Santachiara-Benerecetti, Silvana A. Mitochondrial and Y-chromosome diversity of the Tharus (Nepal): a reservoir of genetic variation. BMC Evolutionary Biology. 2009-12, 9 (1) [2022-11-07]. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 2720951 . PMID 19573232. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-154. (原始内容存档于2020-12-17) (英语). 
  54. ^ Kivisild, T.; Rootsi, S.; Metspalu, M.; Mastana, S.; Kaldma, K.; Parik, J.; Metspalu, E.; Adojaan, M.; Tolk, H.-V.; Stepanov, V.; Gölge, M. The Genetic Heritage of the Earliest Settlers Persists Both in Indian Tribal and Caste Populations. The American Journal of Human Genetics. 2003-02-01, 72 (2) [2022-11-07]. ISSN 0002-9297. PMC 379225 . PMID 12536373. doi:10.1086/346068. (原始内容存档于2014-01-06) (英语). 

外部链接