维基百科

印第安大屠杀列表

印第安大屠杀列表，本表列出美洲殖民期间欧洲人与印第安人之间的屠杀事件。

印第安人大屠杀通常指在欧洲人往美洲殖民时欧洲人屠杀美洲原住民印第安人，和印第安人回击欧洲白种殖民者失败，最后印第安人大量消失，是属于美洲的种族灭绝史。

概观

印第安大屠杀是美洲国家上的欧洲殖民者的黑历史，只知当时欧洲殖民者多主张对美洲印第安人进行种族屠杀[1]，但到底多少人死于这场长期的屠杀是难以确定的，美洲原住民的死亡被白人非常消极的纪录或揭露，历史学家William M. Osborn写的《荒野边疆：美国印第安战争中自詹姆斯镇到伤膝河的的暴行》 搜集了从1511年两种族首次接触到1890年西扩终止这段时间内、今日美国本土所有有记录的欧印暴力冲突，并确认了7193人死于白人的暴行，9156人死于印第安人的暴行。Osborn定义的“暴行”限于谋杀，酷刑，残害平民、伤者、俘虏的肢体器官。对“暴行”的定义不同也会导致统计数量的不同。

在《美洲种族灭绝，美国和加拿大的灾难，1846-1873》中，历史学家Benjamin Madley记录了在1846到1873年间对加州土著的屠杀数目。他发现这期间的证据，至少9400到16000加州印第安被非印第安人杀死。大多数杀戮发生于他所说的370次大屠杀（定义为有意识杀死5人和以上的无武器战斗者或者平民，包括妇女，儿童或者俘虏等，不一定在战斗时发生）中。[2]

影响

针对印第安人的屠杀，产生了极为深远的历史影响。在之后的数个世纪中，对这一系列历史事件都产生了若干的讨论与争议。例如中国的官方媒体自21世纪以来，曾多次发布文章，指控称“1814年美国詹姆斯·麦迪逊政府颁布法令规定每上缴一个印第安人的头盖皮，美国政府将会发给奖金50-100美元（杀死12岁以下印第安人婴幼儿和杀死女印第安人奖50美元，杀死12岁以上青壮年印第安人男子奖100美元）”和“19世纪20年代到90年代，特别是特别是安德鲁·杰克逊于1830年促使国会通过一项法令《印第安人驱逐法案》。印第安人在迁移的过程中，形成了血泪之路。在当地民兵的配合下，美国联邦正规军采取分进合击等战术，集中发起了1000多次不同规模的军事行动，到1890年代基本上完成了灭绝印第安人的作战任务”等[3][4]。

麦迪逊时期的美国政府同印第安人的关系的确极为紧张，表现为1809年签署的《韦恩堡条约》[5][6]和之后因此爆发的蒂珀卡努战役[7]，以及1814年签署的《杰克逊堡条约》[8]，从印第安人处获得了大量的土地并将其驱逐。其主要原因在于以麦迪逊总统为首的美国白人殖民者的家长式作风、种族主义思想，以及试图对印第安人进行种族改造[9]，另外狩猎印第安人头皮现象确实存在。

屠杀列表

1500–1862年

仅列出发生在北美洲的

年 日期 名称 描述 来源
1539 Napituca屠杀 和Timucuan族交战之后, 埃尔南多·德·索托（Hernando de Soto）处决200人。这是欧洲人首次大规模在美洲大陆屠杀印第安人。 Duncan, E., Hernando de Soto, pp. 286–291.
1540 10.18 Mabila屠杀 Choctaw族向埃尔南多·德·索托（Hernando de Soto）的探险复仇，杀死200名士兵，还杀了很多他们的马匹和猪。起因是白人之前焚烧了Mabila的建筑物，杀死了2500名躲在伪装村寨的武士[10] Duncan, E., Hernando de Soto, pp. 376–384; Steele, I., Warpaths, p. 15.
1541–42 Tiguex屠杀 先是西班牙人入侵，掠夺Tiguex人的住房、食品、服装的Tiguex，强奸Tiguex女人，Tiguex族随后反抗。西班牙人攻击他们。弗朗西斯科·巴斯克斯·德·科罗纳多（Francisco Vázquez de Coronado）率人围攻Moho Pueblo，经过长达数月的围困，他们杀害了200个试图逃走的原住民战士。 Sauer, C. Sixteenth Century North America, p. 141. Flint, R., No Settlement, No Conquest, pp. 144–153.
1599 1.22–1.24 Acoma屠杀 报复性杀害11名西班牙士兵,。Juan de Oñate惩罚性出征土著，在Acoma Pueblo战斗3天， 杀死约800人。西班牙国王 腓力二世 为此惩罚了Oñate[11] Weber, D., The Spanish Frontier in North America, pp. 85–86.
1601 Sandia Mountains事件 西班牙军队摧毁了新墨西哥州Sandia Mountains的3个印第安村庄。据西班牙的资料记载，有900名Tompiro族原住民被杀害。 [12]
1610 8.9 Paspahegh屠杀 Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr
（特拉华勋爵）派70人袭击Paspahegh原住民。他们毁掉了该族人在詹姆士顿附近的主要村庄，杀了大约16-65人。村长的妻子和子女也被抓住并处决了。
1622 3.22 Indian massacre of 1622
(詹姆士顿屠杀)		 在弗吉尼亚，Powhatan (Pamunkey)族杀死347名英国人，约占当地英国移民总数的三分之一。 [13]
1623 5.12 Pamunkey Peace Talks 英国人在“和谈会议”上鸩杀Powhatan族头人，共约200人，用暴力打死50名土著. Steele, I., Warpaths, p. 47.
1637 5.26 Mystic Massacre In the Pequot War, English colonists commanded by John Mason, with Mohegan and Narragansett allies, launched a night attack on a large Pequot village on the Mystic River in present-day Connecticut, where they burned the inhabitants in their homes and killed all survivors, for total fatalities of about 600–700. Cave, A., The Pequot War, pp. 144–154.
1643 February 25 Pavonia Massacre In 1643 the Mohawk attacked a band of Wappinger and Tappan, who fled to New Amsterdam seeking the protection of New Netherland governor, William Kieft. Kieft dispersed them to Pavonia[14] and Corlears Hook. They were later attacked, 129 being killed. This prompted the beginning of Kieft's War, driven by mercenary John Underhill.[15][16] [17]
1643 August Massacre of Anne Hutchinson and her family As part of Kieft's War in New Netherland, near the Split Rock (now northeastern Bronx in New York City), local Lenape (or Siwanoy) killed Anne Hutchinson, six of her children, a son-in-law, and as many as seven others (servants). Susanna, one of Hutchinson's daughters, was taken captive and lived with the natives for several years. LaPlante, E., American Jezebel, p. 231.
1644 March Pound Ridge Massacre As part of Kieft's War in New Netherland, at present day Pound Ridge, New York, John Underhill, hired by the Dutch, attacked and burned a sleeping village of Lenape, killing about 500 Indians. Steele, I., Warpaths, p. 116.
Trelease, A., Indian Affairs in Colonial New York; The Seventeenth Century, pp. 79–80.
1655 September 11–15 Peach Tree War In retaliation for Director-General of New Netherland Peter Stuyvesant's attacks to their trading partners and allies at New Sweden, united bands of natives attacked Pavonia, Staten Island, Colen Donck and other areas of New Netherland.
1675 September 18 Bloody Brook Massacre During King Philip's War, Indian warriors killed 60 soldiers of Deerfield, Massachusetts. [18]
1675 December 19 Great Swamp Massacre
(Great Swamp Fight)		 Colonial militia attacked a Narragansett fort near South Kingston, Rhode Island. At least 40 warriors were killed and 300 women, children and elder men burnt in the village. [19]
1676 March 26 Nine Men's Misery During King Philip's War, warriors subjected nine captive soldiers to ritual torture and death. [20]
1676 May 10 Turner Falls Massacre
(Battle of Turner's Falls)		 Captain William Turner and 150 militia volunteers attacked a fishing Indian camp at present-day Turner Falls, Massachusetts. At least 100 women and children were killed in the attack. [21]
1676 July 2 Rhode Island Militia volunteers under Major Talcott attacked a band of Narragansetts on Rhode Island, killing 34 men and 92 women and children. [22]
1680 August 10 Pueblo Revolt Pueblo warriors killed 380 Spanish settlers, and drove other Spaniards from New Mexico. [23]
1689 August 5 Lachine massacre 1,500 Mohawk warriors attacked the small settlement of Lachine, New France and killed more than 90 of the village's 375 French residents, following widespread French attacks on Mohawk villages in present-day New York. [24]
1689 Zia Pueblo Governor Jironza de Cruzate destroyed the pueblo of Zia, New Mexico. 600 Indians were killed and 70 survivors enslaved. [25]
1690 February 8 Schenectady Massacre As part of the Beaver Wars, French and Algonquins destroyed Schenectady, New York, killing 60 Dutch and English settlers, including ten women and at least twelve children. [26]
1704 Apalachee Massacre Former Carolinia Governor James Moore launched a series of brutal attacks on the Apalachee villages of Northern Florida. They killed 1000 Apalachees and enslaved at least 2000 survivors. [27]
1704 February 29 Deerfield Massacre During Queen Anne's War, a force composed of Abenaki, Kanienkehaka, Wyandot and Pocumtuck, led by a small contingent of French-Canadian militia, sacked the town of Deerfield, Massachusetts, killing 56 civilians and taking more than 100 as captives. [28]
1713 March 20–23 Fort Neoheroka Militia volunteers and Indian allies under Colonel James Moore attacked Ft. Neoheroka, the main stronghold of the Tuscarora Indians. 200 Tuscaroras were burned to death in the village and 900–1000 others were subsequently killed or captured. [29][30]
1729 November 28 Natchez Massacre Natchez Indians attacked French settlements near present-day Natchez, Mississippi, killing more than 200 French colonists. [31]
1757 August 9 Battle of Fort William Henry Following the fall of Fort William Henry during the Seven Years' War, Indians allied with the French killed between 70 and 180 British and colonial prisoners. [32]
1759 October 4 St. Francis Raid During the Seven Years' War, in retaliation for the rumored murder of a captured Stockbridge man and detention of Captain Quinten Kennedy of the Rogers' Rangers, Major Robert Rogers led a party of approximately 150 English regulars, volunteers and Mahican into the village of Odanak, Quebec. They killed up to 30 Abenaki people, among them women and children, as confirmed via conflicting reports. [33]
1763 September 14 Devil's Hole Massacre During the Seven Years' War, Seneca allied with the French attacked a British supply train and soldiers just south of Fort Niagara. They killed 21 teamsters from the supply train and 81 soldiers who attempted to rescue the train. [34]
1763 December Killings by the Paxton Boys In response to Pontiac's Rebellion, frontier Pennsylvania settlers killed 20 peaceful Susquehannock. [35][36][37]
1764 July 26 Enoch Brown School Massacre Four Delaware killed a schoolmaster, 10 pupils and a pregnant woman. Two pupils were scalped but survived. [37]
1774 April 30 Yellow Creek Massacre Daniel Greathouse killed members of Chief Logan's family. [38]
1777 September 26 The Grave Creek Massacre A milita company under Captain William Foreman is ambushed and killed by Indians south of Wheeling, West Virginia. [来源请求]
1778 July 3 Battle of Wyoming During the American Revolutionary War, following a battle with rebel defenders of Forty Fort, Iroquois allies of Loyalist forces hunted and killed those who fled; they were later accused of using ritual torture to kill those soldiers who surrendered. These claims were denied by Iroquois and British leaders at the time. [39][40][41]
August 31 Stockbridge Massacre A battle of the American Revolutionary War that rebel propaganda portrayed as a massacre. [42]
November 11 Cherry Valley Massacre British and Seneca forces attacked the fort and village at Cherry Valley, New York, killing 16 rebel troops and more than 30 settlers. [43]
1781 September 1 Dietz Massacre During the Revolution, Iroquois allied with the British attacked the home of Johannes Dietz, Berne, New York, killing and scalping Dietz, his wife, their daughter-in-law, four children of their son's family, and a servant girl. [44][45]
1782 March 8 Gnadenhütten massacre During the Revolution, Pennsylvania militiamen massacred nearly 100 non-combatant Christian Lenape, mostly women and children; they killed and scalped all but two young boys. [46][47]
1782 May 10 Corbly Family Massacre During the Revolution, Indians allied with the British attacked the family of John Corbly, a Christian minister in Greene County, Pennsylvania. His wife and three of their children were killed; and two daughters were scalped, but survived. The Reverend Corbly escaped. Daughters of the American Revolution Magazine, R.R. Bowker Co., 1925, Item notes: v. 59 1925 January–June p. 234
1812 August 15 Fort Dearborn Massacre
(Battle of Fort Dearborn)		 During the War of 1812, Indians allied with the British killed American soldiers and settlers evacuating Fort Dearborn (site of present-day Chicago, Illinois). In all, 26 soldiers, two officers, two women and 12 children, and 12 trappers and settlers hired as scouts, were killed. [48]
September 10 Zimmer Massacre During the War of 1812, four settlers were killed in an attack believed to be by aggrieved Lenape, in Ashland County, Ohio. Howe, Henry., Howe's Historical Collections of Ohio, Volume 1 .pp. 257–258, 1907
September 15 Copus Massacre During the War of 1812, Northwest Indians attacked the Ashland County, Ohio homestead of Rev. James Copus, killing three militiamen and one settler; and wounding two militiamen and a settler's daughter; settlers killed two Indians. Howe, Henry., Howe's Historical Collections of Ohio, Volume 1 .pp. 258–259, 1907
1813 January 22 River Raisin Massacre During the War of 1812, Indians allied with the British killed between 30 and 60 Kentucky militia after their surrender. [49]
August 18 Dilbone Massacre During the War of 1812, an Indian allegedly killed three settlers (David Garrard and Henry Dilbone and wife) in Miami County, Ohio. Settlers later killed the Indian they suspected of the murders. Sutton, R., The History of Shelby County Ohio, p. 122 published 1883
August 30 Fort Mims Massacre After Creek were attacked by US forces in the Battle of Burnt Corn (which the Creek won), a band of Red Sticks sacked Fort Mims, Alabama, killing 400 civilians and taking 250 scalps. This action brought the US into the internal Creek War, at the same time as the War of 1812. [50]
November 18 Hillabee Massacre Tennessee troops under General White launched a dawn attacked on an unsuspecting Creek town (the village leaders were engaged in peace negotiations with General Andrew Jackson). About 65 Creek Indians were shot or bayoneted. [51]
November 29 Autossee Massacre
(Battle of Autossee)		 Georgia Militia General Floyd attacked a Creek town on Tallapoosa River, in Macon County, Alabama, killing 200 Indians before setting the village afire. [52]
1818 April 22 Chehaw Affair During the First Seminole War, U.S. troops attacked a non-hostile Muscogee village, killing an estimated 10 to 50 men, women and children. [53]
1824 March 22 Fall Creek Massacre Six settlers in Madison County, Indiana killed and robbed eight Seneca. One suspect escaped trial and another was a witness at subsequent trial. Of those charged with murder, one man was hanged January 12, 1825, and two were hanged June 2, 1825. The last defendant was pardoned at the last minute. Wikipedia Article
1826 Dressing Point Massacre A posse of Anglo-Texan settlers massacred a large community of Karankawa Indians near the mouth of the Colorado River in Matagorda Co., Texas. Between 40 and 50 Karankawas were killed. [22][54]
1862 林肯总统的命令 林肯总统下令绞死了38个明尼苏达曼卡托地区的达可它人苏语部落的38个酋长。这些被绞死的人大部分都是他们部落的神职人员和政治领袖。

参见

参考资料

  1. ^ 美洲的假歷史敘事：「種族大屠殺」如何變成「地理大發現」？. [2019-08-12]. （原始内容存档于2020-08-04）. 
  2. ^ Benjamin Madley. An American Genocide: The United States and the California Indian Catastrophe, 1846-1873. Yale University Press. 2016: 11,351. ISBN 9780300182170. 
  3. ^ 还好意思污蔑中国“种族灭绝”？！自己啥历史忘了吗？. 湖北日报网. 共青团中央. 2021-02-21 [2021-07-06]. （原始内容存档于2021-07-09）. 
  4. ^ 责编：李锋. 美国竟用一个世纪屠杀印第安人？！. 中国网络电视台. 2010-11-19 [2021-07-06]. （原始内容存档于2021-07-09）. 
  5. ^ Kappler, Charles J. Indian Affairs. Laws and Treaties. (PDF). II (TREATIES.). Washington: Government Printing Office. 1904 [2021-08-14]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-07-19）. 
  6. ^ Owens, Robert M. Mr. Jefferson's Hammer: William Henry Harrison and the Origins of American Indian Policy. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. 2007. ISBN 978-0-8061-3842-8. 
  7. ^ Rutland, Robert A. The Presidency of James Madison. Univ. Press of Kansas. 1990. ISBN 978-0-7006-0465-4. 
  8. ^ Green, Michael D. The Politics of Indian Removal (Paperback). University of Nebraska Press. 1982 [2021-08-14]. ISBN 978-0-8032-7015-2. （原始内容存档于2021-03-08） （英语）. 
  9. ^ Landry, Alysa. James Madison: Pushed Intermarriage Between Settlers and Indians. indiancountrytoday.com. January 26, 2016 [April 25, 2020]. （原始内容存档于2020-12-04）. 
  10. ^ "De Soto's Trail: Courage and Cruelty Come Alive"
  11. ^ "Conquistador Statue Stirs Hispanic Pride and Indian Rage"
  12. ^ Riley, Carroll, L., Rio del Norte: People of the Upper Rio Grande from Earliest Times to the Pueblo Revolt, University of Utah Press, 2007, p. 252, ISBN 978-0-87480-496-6
  13. ^ Jamestown: Legacy of the Massacre of 1622 | Americans at War: 1500–1815 Summary. [2012-06-04]. （原始内容存档于2013-01-02）. 
  14. ^ Wm Kieft and Pavonia. [2012-06-04]. （原始内容存档于2013-01-03）. 
  15. ^ Winkler, David F. Revisiting the Attack on Pavonia. New Jersey Historical Society. 1998. 
  16. ^ Beck, Sanderson. New Netherland and Stuyvesant 1642–64. 2006 [2012-06-04]. （原始内容存档于2015-04-23）. 
  17. ^ Churchill 1997, p. 198
  18. ^ Find A Grave website. [2012-06-04]. （原始内容存档于2016-03-10）. 
  19. ^ Ellis, George W., Morris, John E., King Philip's war, Grafton Historical Series, The Grafton Press, 1906, pp. 152–155
  20. ^ [Nine Men's Misery]
  21. ^ Mandell, Daniel R., King Philp's war: the conflict over New England, Chelsea House Publishers, 2007, p. 100, ISBN 978-0-7910-9346-7
  22. ^ 22.0 22.1 Kiernan 2007, p. 239
  23. ^ Resistance and Accommodation in New Mexico. [2012-06-04]. （原始内容存档于2007-09-07）. 
  24. ^ George, Charles; Douglas Roberts. A History of Canada. Boston: The Page Company (no copyright in the United States). 1897: 93–94 [2012-06-04]. （原始内容存档于2012-11-13）. 
  25. ^ Preucel, Robert W. , Archaeologies of the Pueblo revolt: identity, meaning, and renewal in the Pueblo world, University of New Mexico Press, 2007, p. 56, ISBN 978-0-8263-2247-0
  26. ^ Konstantin 2002, p. 33
  27. ^ Gallay 2003, pp. 147–148
  28. ^ Konstantin 2002, p. 48
  29. ^ Gallay 2003, p. 284
  30. ^ Read, Milton , The tar heel state: a history of North Carolina, University of South Carolina Press, 2005, pp. 36–37, ISBN 978-1-57003-591-3
  31. ^ Barnett, James F., The Natchez Indians: a history to 1735, University Press of Mississipi, 2007, p. 105, ISBN 978-1-57806-988-0
  32. ^ Konstantin 2002, p. 224
  33. ^ Bruchac, Marge, 存档副本 (PDF). [2008-09-30]. （原始内容 (PDF)存档于2008-09-13）.  Reading Abenaki Traditions and European Records of Rogers' Raid], August 2006, pp. 3–4
  34. ^ Konstantin 2002, p. 260
  35. ^ Taylor, Alan, American Colonies, New York: Viking Press, 2001
  36. ^ "A Narrative of the Late Massacres..." （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Benjamin Franklin's account of the massacre and criticism of the Paxton Boys
  37. ^ 37.0 37.1 "A Disquisition Portraying the History Relative to the Enoch Brown Incident" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Greencastle Museum
  38. ^ Konstantin 2002, p. 106
  39. ^ Konstantin 2002, p. 181
  40. ^ Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission | The Battle of Wyoming and Hartley's Expedition. [2012-06-04]. （原始内容存档于2012-02-19）. 
  41. ^ Wallace, Paul A. W., Indians in Pennsylvania （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, Pennsylvania Historical & Museum Commission, 2007, 200 pages, pp. 162–164, ISBN 978-0-89271-017-1
  42. ^ Konstantin 2002, p. 246
  43. ^ Konstantin 2002, p. 321
  44. ^ Priest, Josiah, Stories of the Revolution, first published 1836
  45. ^ Dietz Massacre. [2012-06-04]. （原始内容存档于2008-02-15）. 
  46. ^ Tuscarawas. [2012-06-04]. （原始内容存档于2008-03-13）. 
  47. ^ Konstantin 2002, p. 57
  48. ^ Konstantin 2002, p. 231
  49. ^ Konstantin 2002, p. 20
  50. ^ Konstantin 2002, p. 245
  51. ^ Heidler D.S., Heidler J.T., Encyclopedia of the War of 1812, Naval Institute Press, 2004, p. 239, ISBN 978-0-87436-968-7
  52. ^ McKenney, T.L., Indian Tribes of America, Applewood Books, 2010, p. 307, ISBN 978-1-4290-2265-1
  53. ^ Andrew Jackson Learns of the Chehaw Affair （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History
  54. ^ Himmel 1999, p. 50


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