小分子(英语:small molecule)是一个有机化学概念。一般将分子量小于900道尔顿有机化合物分子称为小分子[1]。小分子的直径以纳米计。目前大部分药物都是小分子类药物,蛋白质核酸生物大分子的基本组成单位(如氨基酸核糖核苷酸脱氧核苷酸)也是小分子。

小分子药物一般是抑制剂,通过干扰蛋白间相互作用起效[2]

药理学

目前大部分的药物都是小分子药物[3] 。小分子的分子量上限一般设在900道尔顿。这是因为900道尔顿以下的分子在人体内能较快速地扩散进入细胞,到达作用靶点[1][4]。根据里宾斯基五规则口服给药的小分子药物的分子量最好能低于500道尔顿,否则损耗率会出现明显上升[5][6]

参见

参考资料

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 Macielag MJ. Chemical properties of antibacterials and their uniqueness. Dougherty TJ, Pucci MJ (编). Antibiotic Discovery and Development. 2012: 801–2 [2020-01-16]. ISBN 978-1-4614-1400-1. (原始内容存档于2020-08-18). The majority of [oral] drugs from the general reference set have molecular weights below 550. In contrast the molecular-weight distribution of oral antibacterial agents is bimodal: 340–450 Da but with another group in the 700–900 molecular weight range. 
  2. ^ Arkin MR, Wells JA. Small-molecule inhibitors of protein-protein interactions: progressing towards the dream. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery. April 2004, 3 (4): 301–17. PMID 15060526. doi:10.1038/nrd1343. 
  3. ^ Samanen J. Chapter 5.2 How do SMDs differ from biomolecular drugs?. Ganellin CR, Jefferis R, Roberts SM (编). Introduction to Biological and Small Molecule Drug Research and Development: theory and case studies Kindle. New York: Academic Press. 2013: 161–203 [2020-01-16]. ISBN 978-0-12-397176-0. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-397176-0.00005-4. (原始内容存档于2020-09-02). Table 5.13: Route of Administration: Small Molecules: oral administration usually possible; Biomolecules: Usually administered parenterally 
  4. ^ Veber DF, Johnson SR, Cheng HY, Smith BR, Ward KW, Kopple KD. Molecular properties that influence the oral bioavailability of drug candidates. J. Med. Chem. 2002, 45 (12): 2615–23. PMID 12036371. doi:10.1021/jm020017n. 
  5. ^ Lipinski CA. Lead-and drug-like compounds: the rule-of-five revolution. Drug Discovery Today: Technologies. 2004, 1 (4): 337–341. PMID 24981612. doi:10.1016/j.ddtec.2004.11.007. 
  6. ^ Leeson PD, Springthorpe B. The influence of drug-like concepts on decision-making in medicinal chemistry. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery. 2007, 6 (11): 881–90. PMID 17971784. doi:10.1038/nrd2445.