自闭症性别差异

男性比女性更易患有自闭症。但争议在于，自闭症谱系障碍是真的与性别相关，亦或是因为女性诊断不足。如今，美国每42位男性或189位女性就有一位患得自闭症谱系障碍内疾病^[1]

目前有好几种理论解释了性别差异的原因，如遗传保护效应（Genetic Protective Effect）^[2]^[3]^[4]，极端男性脑理论（Extreme Male Brain Theory）^[5]^[6]和性别间的表型差异^[4]^[7]^[8]^[9]，且这些理论有可能是相互重叠的。一些研究者认为，诊断中性别偏差也有可能导致了女性被漏诊为自闭症谱系障碍内疾病。^[10]研究者还推测，由于社会中对于不同性别角色有不同期望和社会化，研究报告可能也存在性别偏见。

参见

医学诊断上的性别偏差

参考文献

^ Archived copy. [2016-07-11]. （原始内容存档于2014-04-18）. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): Data & Statistics
^ Gockley, J., Willsey, a J., Dong, S., Dougherty, J. D., Constantino, J. N., & Sanders, S. J. (2015). The female protective effect in autism spectrum disorder is not mediated by a single genetic locus. Molecular Autism, 6, 25. http://doi.org/10.1186/s13229-015-0014-3
^ Robinson, E. B., Lichtenstein, P., Anckarsater, H., Happe, F., & Ronald, a. (2013). Examining and interpreting the female protective effect against autistic behavior. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(13), 5258–5262. http://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1211070110
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 Lai, M.-C., Baron-Cohen, S., & Buxbaum, J. D. (2015). Understanding autism in the light of sex/gender. Molecular Autism, 6, 1–6. http://doi.org/10.1186/s13229-015-0021-4
^ Baron-Cohen, S. (2002). The extreme male brain theory of autism. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 6(6), 248–254. http://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-6613(02)01904-6
^ Lai, M.-C., Lombardo, M. V., Pasco, G., Ruigrok, A. N. V, Wheelwright, S. J., Sadek, S. a., … Baron-Cohen, S. (2011). A Behavioral Comparison of Male and Female Adults with High Functioning Autism Spectrum Conditions. PLoS ONE, 6(6), e20835. http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0020835
^ Lai, M.-C., Lombardo, M. V, Ruigrok, A. N. V, Chakrabarti, B., Wheelwright, S. J., Auyeung, B., … Baron-Cohen, S. (2012). Cognition in males and females with autism: similarities and differences. PLoS ONE, 7(10), e47198. http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0047198
^ Ludlow, a. K., Roberts, H., & Gutierrez, R. (2015). Social Anxiety and Response to Touch: A Preliminary Exploration of Broader Autism Phenotype in Females. SAGE Open, 5, 2158244015580854–. http://doi.org/10.1177/2158244015580854
^ Torres, E. B., Isenhower, R. W., Yanovich, P., Rehrig, G., Stigler, K., Nurnberger, J., & José, J. V. (2013). Strategies to develop putative biomarkers to characterize the female phenotype with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Neurophysiology, 110, 1646–62. http://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00059.2013
^ Supekar, Kaustubh; Menon, Vinod. Sex differences in structural organization of motor systems and their dissociable links with repetitive/restricted behaviors in children with autism. Molecular Autism. 2015-09-04, 6 (1): 50. PMC 4559968  . PMID 26347127. doi:10.1186/s13229-015-0042-z.

[1] Archived copy. [2016-07-11]. （原始内容存档于2014-04-18）. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): Data & Statistics

[2] Gockley, J., Willsey, a J., Dong, S., Dougherty, J. D., Constantino, J. N., & Sanders, S. J. (2015). The female protective effect in autism spectrum disorder is not mediated by a single genetic locus. Molecular Autism, 6, 25. http://doi.org/10.1186/s13229-015-0014-3

[3] Robinson, E. B., Lichtenstein, P., Anckarsater, H., Happe, F., & Ronald, a. (2013). Examining and interpreting the female protective effect against autistic behavior. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(13), 5258–5262. http://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1211070110

[lai2015-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Lai, M.-C., Baron-Cohen, S., & Buxbaum, J. D. (2015). Understanding autism in the light of sex/gender. Molecular Autism, 6, 1–6. http://doi.org/10.1186/s13229-015-0021-4

[5] Baron-Cohen, S. (2002). The extreme male brain theory of autism. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 6(6), 248–254. http://doi.org/10.1016/S1364-6613(02)01904-6

[lai2011-6] Lai, M.-C., Lombardo, M. V., Pasco, G., Ruigrok, A. N. V, Wheelwright, S. J., Sadek, S. a., … Baron-Cohen, S. (2011). A Behavioral Comparison of Male and Female Adults with High Functioning Autism Spectrum Conditions. PLoS ONE, 6(6), e20835. http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0020835

[lai2012-7] Lai, M.-C., Lombardo, M. V, Ruigrok, A. N. V, Chakrabarti, B., Wheelwright, S. J., Auyeung, B., … Baron-Cohen, S. (2012). Cognition in males and females with autism: similarities and differences. PLoS ONE, 7(10), e47198. http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0047198

[ludlow2015-8] Ludlow, a. K., Roberts, H., & Gutierrez, R. (2015). Social Anxiety and Response to Touch: A Preliminary Exploration of Broader Autism Phenotype in Females. SAGE Open, 5, 2158244015580854–. http://doi.org/10.1177/2158244015580854

[9] Torres, E. B., Isenhower, R. W., Yanovich, P., Rehrig, G., Stigler, K., Nurnberger, J., & José, J. V. (2013). Strategies to develop putative biomarkers to characterize the female phenotype with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Neurophysiology, 110, 1646–62. http://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00059.2013

[10] Supekar, Kaustubh; Menon, Vinod. Sex differences in structural organization of motor systems and their dissociable links with repetitive/restricted behaviors in children with autism. Molecular Autism. 2015-09-04, 6 (1): 50. PMC 4559968  . PMID 26347127. doi:10.1186/s13229-015-0042-z.

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