贝壳串珠
贝壳串珠(Wampum)是北美洲东部林地印第安人所使用的一种类似货币的物件。“Wampum”一词本意就是“白色贝壳珠子”,由沟螺的壳轴制成[1]。而类似的“Sewant”、“Zeewant”或“suckauhock”则是由蚌蛎或其他牡蛎的壳制成的[2]。
![](http://images.weserv.nl/?url=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Annual_report_of_the_Bureau_of_Ethnology_to_the_Secretary_of_the_Smithsonian_Institution_%281880%29_%2818739755124%29.jpg/220px-Annual_report_of_the_Bureau_of_Ethnology_to_the_Secretary_of_the_Smithsonian_Institution_%281880%29_%2818739755124%29.jpg)
![](http://images.weserv.nl/?url=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Wampum_ej_perry.jpg/220px-Wampum_ej_perry.jpg)
历史
“Wampum”一词为“wampumpeag”的缩写,源自马萨诸塞语或纳拉干西特语,意思是“白色贝壳珠子”[3]。16世纪初,殖民者在今纽约州附近的地区发现了这种东西[1]。传说中,易洛魁联盟的创建者海华沙是贝壳串珠的创造者,起初是用它来记录信息[4]。
欧洲人抵达北美后开始大规模制造贝壳串珠,结果导致通货膨胀。[5]
参考文献
- ^ 1.0 1.1 Dubin, Lois Sherr. North American Indian Jewelry and Adornment: From Prehistory to the Present. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1999: 170-171. ISBN 0-8109-3689-5.
- ^ Jaap Jacobs. The Colony of New Netherland: A Dutch Settlement in Seventeenth-century America. Cornell University Press, 2009. pg. 14
- ^ Harper, Douglas. Wampum. Online Etymology Dictionary. [2011-10-15].
- ^ Gawyehnehshehgowa: Great Law of Peace. (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Degiya'göh Resources. (retrieved 14 March 2009)
- ^ Otto, Paul [1] (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) "Henry Hudson, the Munsees, and the Wampum Revolution" (retrieved 5 September 2011)
外部连接
- Wampum article, Iroquois Indian Museum
- Wampum History and Background (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- "The Tribes And The States: 100,000-Year History of North America" (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- X-ray showing inner spiral and entire shell of the Busycotypus Canaliculatus - Channeled Whelk Shell (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), Europa
- "Money Substitutes in New Netherland and Early New York" (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), Coins, University of North Dakota