強姦成孕
此條目可參照英語維基百科相應條目來擴充。 (2022年5月26日) |
懷孕是強姦可能導致的結果。目前的科學共識是,強姦導致懷孕的可能性至少與雙方自願的性行為一樣多,一些研究表明,強姦實際上可能比雙方自願的性行為有更高的妊娠率。[1][2]
強姦對受害者和由此產生的孩子都有潛在的負面後果。[3] 強姦後的治療包括檢測、預防和懷孕管理。強姦後懷孕的婦女可能要做出是否墮胎、撫養孩子或制定收養計劃等抉擇。在一些規定即使強姦和亂倫後墮胎也屬於非法的國家,15歲及以下女孩90%以上的懷孕是由家庭成員強姦造成的。
幾個世紀以來,人們普遍認為強姦幾乎永遠不會導致懷孕。在歐洲,從中世紀一直到18世紀,男人可以利用女人懷孕作為法律辯護,以「證明」他不可能強姦她。當時女性懷孕被認為意味著她享受了性行為,即是在其本人同意的情況下接受性行為。近幾十年來,一些反墮胎組織和政客(如托德·阿金)在強姦案件中指出,懷孕極少是因強姦而造成的。[4][5][6]
愛滋病毒/愛滋病發病率
人們對因強姦而懷孕人數的估計差異很大。[7][8] 最近的估計表明,美國每年發生的強姦懷孕事件在25,000到32,000次之間。 醫生梅麗莎·霍姆斯根據一項1996年人們對4000名美國女性進行的一項為期三年的縱向研究中的研究數據估計,在美國,強迫性交導致每年有超過3.2萬例懷孕的情況發生。[9] 醫生費利西亞·H·斯圖爾特和經濟學家詹姆斯·特魯塞爾估計,1998年美國報告的33.3萬起襲擊和強姦事件導致了大約2.5萬人懷孕,其中多達2.2萬人本來可以通過及時的治療來預防懷孕,比如緊急避孕。[10] 不過總部設在華盛頓特區的慈善機構強姦、虐待和焚燒全國網絡得出的數字要低得多,這一數字是根據司法部2005年全國犯罪受害者調查的估計得出的。該機構採用該調查的2004年和2005年每年平均64,080起強姦案,並應用5%的懷孕率來估計每年因強姦而懷孕的人數為3,204人。[8]
比率
1996年對44例與強姦有關的懷孕的研究估計,在美國,育齡受害者(12歲至45歲)的每次強姦懷孕率為5.0%。[9][11]
另見
參考書目
- Carpenter, R. Charli. Born of War: Protecting Children of Sexual Violence Survivors in Conflict Zones. Kumarian Press. 25 June 2007 [15 February 2013]. ISBN 978-1-56549-237-0. (原始內容存檔於2022-05-25).
- de Brouwer, Anne-Marie. Supranational Criminal Prosecution of Sexual Violence: The ICC and the Practice of the ICTY and the ICTR. Intersentia nv. 2005 [31 January 2013]. ISBN 978-90-5095-533-1. (原始內容存檔於2022-06-02).
- Hazelwood, Robert R.; Burgess, Ann Wolbert. Practical Aspects of Rape Investigation: A Multidisciplinary Approach. CRC Press. 2009 [29 January 2013]. ISBN 978-1-4200-6504-6. (原始內容存檔於2022-05-25).
- Jenkins, Jon L.; Braen, G. Richard. Manual of Emergency Medicine, 5e. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 1 August 2004 [15 February 2013]. ISBN 978-0-7817-5035-6. (原始內容存檔於2022-06-02).
- Krug, Etienne G.; World Health Organization. World Report on Violence and Health. World Health Organization. 2002 [15 February 2013]. ISBN 978-92-4-154561-7. (原始內容存檔於2022-05-25).
- Price, Sally. Mental Health in Pregnancy and Childbirth. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2007 [15 February 2013]. ISBN 978-0-443-10317-9. (原始內容存檔於2022-06-02).
- Smith, Merril D. Encyclopedia of Rape. Greenwood Publishing Group. 2004 [29 January 2013]. ISBN 978-0-313-32687-5. (原始內容存檔於2022-05-25).
參考文獻
- ^ Dellorto, Danielle (22 August 2012). "Experts: Rape does not lower odds of pregnancy" (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館). 有線電視新聞網.
- ^ Begley, Sharon; Heavey, Susan (20 August 2012). "Rape trauma as barrier to pregnancy has no scientific basis" (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館). 路透社. Archive version.
- ^ Boyer, Debra; Fine, David. Sexual Abuse as a Factor in Adolescent Pregnancy and Child Maltreatment. Family Planning Perspectives. 1992, 24 (1): 4–19. ISSN 0014-7354. JSTOR 2135718. PMID 1601126. doi:10.2307/2135718.
- ^ Brian Clowes, The Facts of Life: An Authoritative Guide to Life & Family Issues, Chapter 3: Exceptions for Abortion: The Frequency of Rape-Caused Pregnancies 網際網路檔案館的存檔,存檔日期27 August 2012. (Human Life International, 1997). ISBN 978-1-55922-043-9.
- ^ Health Experts Dismiss Assertions on Rape. The New York Times. 21 August 2012 [21 August 2012]. (原始內容存檔於2019-07-22).
- ^ Garance Franke-Ruta, Analysis — A Canard That Will Not Die: 'Legitimate Rape' Doesn't Cause Pregnancy (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館), National Journal (21 August 2012).
- ^ Kim Geiger, Statistics on rape and pregnancy are complicated (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館), Los Angeles Times, 23 August 2012. Retrieved 24 May 2014.
- ^ 8.0 8.1 Sue Owen, Surveys show wide disagreement on number of rape-related pregnancies per year (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館), Politifact, Austin American Statesman, 15 August 2013. Retrieved 24 May 2014.
- ^ 9.0 9.1 Holmes, Melisa M.; Resnick, Heidi S.; Kilpatrick, Dean G.; Best, Connie L. Rape-related pregnancy: Estimates and descriptive characteristics from a national sample of women. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1996, 175 (2): 320–4; discussion 324–5. PMID 8765248. doi:10.1016/S0002-9378(96)70141-2. (abstract also available at NIH pubmed site (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館) Retrieved 24 May 2014.)
- ^ Stewart, Felicia H; Trussell, James. Prevention of pregnancy resulting from rape: A neglected preventive health measure. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2000, 19 (4): 228–9. PMID 11064225. doi:10.1016/S0749-3797(00)00243-9.
- ^ Thornhill, Randy; Palmer, Craig T. A Natural History of Rape: Biological Bases of Sexual Coercion. MIT Press. 2001: 100 [2022-05-25]. ISBN 978-0-262-70083-2. (原始內容存檔於2022-06-02).
更多閱讀
- Beebe, DK. Emergency management of the adult female rape victim. American Family Physician. 1991, 43 (6): 2041–6. PMID 2042547.
- Campbell, R; Bybee, D. Emergency medical services for rape victims: Detecting the cracks in service delivery. Women's Health. 1997, 3 (2): 75–101. PMID 9332152.
- Krueger, Mary M. Pregnancy as a result of rape. Journal of Sex Education & Therapy. 1988, 14 (1): 23–7. doi:10.1080/01614576.1988.11074920.
- Lathrop, Anthony. Pregnancy Resulting from Rape. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, & Neonatal Nursing. 1998, 27 (1): 25–31. PMID 9475124. doi:10.1111/j.1552-6909.1998.tb02587.x.
- McFarlane, J. Pregnancy Following Partner Rape: What We Know and What We Need to Know. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse. 2007, 8 (2): 127–34. PMID 17545570. S2CID 732231. doi:10.1177/1524838007301222.
- Sutherland, Sandra; Scherl, Donald J. Patterns of Response Among Victims of Rape. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. 2010, 40 (3): 503–11. PMID 5422298. doi:10.1111/j.1939-0025.1970.tb00708.x.