負折射率超材料

負折射率超材料或負折射率材料（NIM）是一種人造光學結構，它的折射率對於一定頻率範圍內的電磁波是負值。目前沒有任何天然材料擁有這一屬性。廣義地說，超材料可以指任何合成材料，但一般上指的是擁有負折射率的一類材料，這些材料具有不尋常的光學屬性和奇異的性質。^[1]負折射率超材料由基本結構單元週期性排列構成，基本結構單元稱為單胞，單胞的大小明顯小於光的波長。單胞在實驗室最早由印刷電路板材料製成，即由導線和介電質製成。通常情況下，這些人工製備的單胞按特定的重複形式堆疊或在平面上排列起來，組成單個的超材料。

負折射率超材料的單胞對光的響應是在構築材料之前預先設計好的，材料總的對光的響應主要由單胞的幾何形狀決定，行為與其組分對光的響應有著根本的不同。超材料是「從下到上合成的有序宏觀材料」，具有其組分所不具有的湧現性質。^[2]

負折射率超材料與以下術語為同義語：左手材料或左手介質(LHM)、後向波(BW)介質、雙負性(DNG)材料超材料等 ^[1]。

性質

A split-ring resonator array arranged to produce a negative index of refraction, constructed of copper split-ring resonators and wires mounted on interlocking sheets of fiberglass circuit board.
The total array consists of 3 by 20×20 unit cells with overall dimensions of 10×100×100 milimeters.^[3]^[4] The height of 10 milimeters measures a little more than six subdivision marks on the ruler, which is marked in inches.
Credit: NASA Glenn Research Center （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）.

負折射率超材料由俄羅斯理論物理學家維克托·韋謝拉戈（英語：Victor Veselago）於1967年在理論上首次提出^[5]。當時，這種材料被稱為「左手材料」或「負折射率」材料，其光學性質與玻璃、空氣等透明物質的性質相反，光在這種材料中的彎曲和折射行為不同尋常，出人意料，背離人類的直覺。然而，直到33年後，第一個實用的超材料才被製造出來。^[1]^[5]^[6]

負折射率超材料用於以新的方式控制電磁波。比如，天然物質的光學和電磁性質通過化學來改變，而超材料通過單胞的幾何排列來控制電磁性質。單胞有序排列的線度小於電磁波的某一波長。人工的單胞對波源的電磁輻射有響應。超材料對電磁波的總的響應比通常材料更寬廣。^[1]^[6]

通過改變單胞的形狀、大小和構型，可以改變材料的電容率和磁導率，由此控制電磁波的傳輸。電容率和磁導率這兩個參數決定了電磁波在物質中的波的傳播。調控這兩個參數可以使材料的折射率為負值或零，而通常的材料的折射率為正值。超材料的性質依賴於人的預先設計，其光學性質是透鏡、平面鏡和常規材料所不及。^[1]^[5]^[6]

反向傳播

在負折射率超材料中，電磁波可以反向傳播，這使得繞射極限下分辨成像成為可能，此即為亞波長成像。

材料

第一個實用的超材料工作於微波波段。外形上，它像一個個水晶宮格子，格子的間距小於微波波長。

光頻帶

應用

負折射率材料在傳統領域中的應用如無線電，電磁波接收系統等，用於製作超材料天線。其他方面的應用正在研究中，如電磁波，微波吸收裝置、小型諧振腔、波導管、相位補償器、微波透鏡等等。它們藉由超材料的性質可以不受繞射效應的限制。 ^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]

在可見光範圍，超材料製成的透鏡可以避開繞射效應的限制，用來研發毫微光刻技術來製備納米電路。這會在生物醫學以及亞波長影印技術方面大展宏圖。 ^[10]

負的介電常數和磁導率

複合材料的頻帶

左手材料的描述

各向同性與負參數

負折射率的實驗驗證

NIM的基本的電磁特性

左手材料的負折射率

對可見光的影響

負折射率材料的影響

當導磁率μ= 1時，負折射率材料會導致電動力學方程式計算結果的改變。當μ的值大於1時，會影響到包括司乃耳定律、都卜勒效應、切倫科夫輻射、菲涅耳方程式以及費馬原理。 ^[11]

由於折射率是光學中的一個中心概念，改變折射率會重新認識、定義一些光學定律^[10]。

反常色散現象

高斯光脈衝在通過反常色散介質時會出現反常色散現象（隨著波長增加，折射率增加，可能導致群速度大於光速的情況被稱作反常色散現象）^[12]^[13]。但資訊的傳遞速度總是被限制在光速以下^[12]^[14]。

學術研究

超材料是美國政府廣泛研究的領域，包括美國空軍，美國軍隊，以及美國海軍航空系統司令部。同時，眾多的院校也在研究這一課題。

參見

材料

參考

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 Engheta, N.; Ziolkowski, R. W. Metamaterials: Physics and Engineering Explorations. Wiley & Sons. 2006. Chapter 1. ISBN 978-0-471-76102-0.
^ Shivola, Ari. "Electromagnetic Emergence in Metamaterials: Deconstruction of terminology of complex media （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）". Advances in Electromagnetics of Complex Media and Metamaterials. Eds. Saïd Zouhdi, Ari Sihvola, Mohamed Arsalane. pgs. 3-18 Kluewer Academic. 2002.
^ Shelby, R. A.; Smith, D. R.; Shultz, S.; Nemat-Nasser, S. C. Microwave transmission through a two-dimensional, isotropic, left-handed metamaterial (PDF). Applied Physics Letters. 2001, 78 (4): 489 [2013-01-26]. Bibcode:2001ApPhL..78..489S. doi:10.1063/1.1343489. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2010-06-18）.
^ 引用錯誤：沒有為名為comp的參考文獻提供內容
^ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 Veselago, V. G. The electrodynamics of substances with simultaneously negative values of ε and μ (PDF). Soviet Physics Uspekhi. 1968, 10 (4): 509–514. Bibcode:1968SvPhU..10..509V. doi:10.1070/PU1968v010n04ABEH003699. ^{[永久失效連結]}
^ ^6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 引用錯誤：沒有為名為NIST-metamat的參考文獻提供內容
^ Engheta, N.; Ziolkowski, R. W. A positive future for double-negative metamaterials (PDF). IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques. 2005, 53 (4): 1535 [2013-01-26]. Bibcode:2005ITMTT..53.1535E. doi:10.1109/TMTT.2005.845188. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2018-11-23）.
^ Beruete, M.; Navarro-Cía, M.; Sorolla, M.; Campillo, I. Planoconcave lens by negative refraction of stacked subwavelength hole arrays (PDF). Optics Express. 2008, 16 (13): 9677–9683 [2013-01-26]. Bibcode:2008OExpr..16.9677B. PMID 18575535. doi:10.1364/OE.16.009677. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2009-12-13）.
^ Alu, A.; Engheta, N. Guided Modes in a Waveguide Filled with a Pair of Single-Negative (SNG), Double-Negative (DNG), and/or Double-Positive (DPS) Layers. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques. 2004, 52: 199. Bibcode:2004ITMTT..52..199A. doi:10.1109/TMTT.2003.821274.
^ ^10.0 ^10.1 ^10.2 Shalaev, V. M. Optical negative-index metamaterials (PDF). Nature Photonics. 2007, 1: 41. Bibcode:2007NaPho...1...41S. doi:10.1038/nphoton.2006.49.
^
Veselago, Viktor G. Electrodynamics of materials with negative index of refraction (pay wall). Physics-Uspekhi. 2003, 46 (7): 764. Bibcode:2003PhyU...46..764V. doi:10.1070/PU2003v046n07ABEH001614.
- Alternate source at:
- Lim Hock; Ong Chong Kim, and Serguei Matitsine. Electromagnetic Materials:. Proceedings of the Symposium F (ICMAT 2003). SUNTEC, Singapore: World Scientific. 7–12 December 2003: 115–122. ISBN 978-981-238-372-3. paper by Victor G. Veselago. Electrodynamics of materials with negative index of refraction.
^ ^12.0 ^12.1 Dolling, Gunnar; Christian Enkrich; Martin Wegener; Costas M. Soukoulis; Stefan Linden. Simultaneous Negative Phase and Group Velocity of Light in a Metamaterial. Science. 2006, 312 (5775): 892–894. Bibcode:2006Sci...312..892D. PMID 16690860. doi:10.1126/science.1126021.
^ Garrett, C. G. B.; D. E. McCumber. Propagation of a Gaussian Light Pulse through an Anomalous Dispersion Medium (PDF). Phys. Rev. A. 1969-09-25, 1 (2): 305–313. Bibcode:1970PhRvA...1..305G. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.1.305. ^{[永久失效連結]}
^ Stenner, M. D.; Gauthier, D. J.; Neifeld, M. A.; Gauthier; Neifeld. The speed of information in a 'fast-light' optical medium. Nature. Oct 2003, 425 (6959): 695–8. Bibcode:2003Natur.425..695S. PMID 14562097. doi:10.1038/nature02016.
^ FOM Institute. [2013-01-26]. （原始內容存檔於2008-12-27）.

拓展閱讀

S. Anantha Ramakrishna; and Tomasz M. Grzegorczyk. Physics and Applications of Negative Refractive Index Materials (PDF). CRC Press. 2008 [2013-01-26]. ISBN 978-1-4200-6875-7. doi:10.1201/9781420068764.ch1. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2016-03-03）.

Ramakrishna, S Anantha. Physics of negative refractive index materials (PDF). Reports on Progress in Physics. 2005, 68 (2): 449. Bibcode:2005RPPh...68..449R. doi:10.1088/0034-4885/68/2/R06.

Pendry, J.; Holden, A.; Stewart, W.; Youngs, I. Extremely Low Frequency Plasmons in Metallic Mesostructures (PDF). Physical Review Letters. 1996, 76 (25): 4773–4776 [2013-01-26]. Bibcode:1996PhRvL..76.4773P. PMID 10061377. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.76.4773. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2011-07-17）.

Pendry, J B; Holden, A J; Robbins, D J; Stewart, W J. Low frequency plasmons in thin-wire structures (PDF). Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter. 1998, 10 (22): 4785–4809 [2013-01-26]. Bibcode:1998JPCM...10.4785P. doi:10.1088/0953-8984/10/22/007. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2020-04-20）. Also see the Preprint-author's copy.

Pendry, J.B.; Holden, A.J.; Robbins, D.J.; Stewart, W.J. Magnetism from conductors and enhanced nonlinear phenomena (PDF). IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques. 1999, 47 (11): 2075–2084 [2013-01-26]. Bibcode:1999ITMTT..47.2075P. doi:10.1109/22.798002. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2011-10-06）.

Padilla, Willie J.; Basov, Dimitri N.; Smith, David R. Negative refractive index metamaterials (PDF). Materials Today. 2006, 9 (7–8): 28 [2013-01-26]. doi:10.1016/S1369-7021(06)71573-5. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2011-10-06）.

Slyusar V.I. Metamaterials on antenna solutions （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）. (Free PDF download). International Conference on Antenna Theory and Techniques, 6–9 October 2009, Lviv, Ukraine.

Bayindir, Mehmet; Aydin, K.; Ozbay, E.; Markoš, P.; Soukoulis, C. M. Transmission properties of composite metamaterials in free space (PDF). Applied Physics Letters. 2002-07-01, 81: 120. Bibcode:2002ApPhL..81..120B. doi:10.1063/1.1492009. ^{[失效連結]}

外部連結

Manipulating the Near Field with Metamaterials （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） Slide show, with audio available, by Dr. John Pendry, Imperial College, London
Laszlo Solymar; Ekaterina Shamonina. Waves in Metamaterials. Oxford University Press, USA. March 2009. 2009-03-15. ISBN 978-0-19-921533-1.
Illustrating the Law of Refraction. [2013-01-26]. （原始內容存檔於2021-02-12）.
Young, Andrew T. An Introduction to Mirages. SDSU San Diego, CA. 1999–2009 [2009-08-12]. （原始內容存檔於2000-10-10）.
Garrett, C.; et al. Light pulse and anamolous dispersion (PDF). Phys. Rev. A. 1969-09-25, 1 (2): 305–313. Bibcode:1970PhRvA...1..305G. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.1.305. ^{[永久失效連結]}
List of science website news stories on Left Handed Materials（頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
Caloz, Christophe. Perspectives on EM metamaterials. Materials Today (Full article is available, click on doi link). 2009-03, 12 (3): 12–20. doi:10.1016/S1369-7021(09)70071-9.

[physicsengineering1-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 Engheta, N.; Ziolkowski, R. W. Metamaterials: Physics and Engineering Explorations. Wiley & Sons. 2006. Chapter 1. ISBN 978-0-471-76102-0.

[emerge-2] Shivola, Ari. "Electromagnetic Emergence in Metamaterials: Deconstruction of terminology of complex media （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）". Advances in Electromagnetics of Complex Media and Metamaterials. Eds. Saïd Zouhdi, Ari Sihvola, Mohamed Arsalane. pgs. 3-18 Kluewer Academic. 2002.

[APhys1-3] Shelby, R. A.; Smith, D. R.; Shultz, S.; Nemat-Nasser, S. C. Microwave transmission through a two-dimensional, isotropic, left-handed metamaterial (PDF). Applied Physics Letters. 2001, 78 (4): 489 [2013-01-26]. Bibcode:2001ApPhL..78..489S. doi:10.1063/1.1343489. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2010-06-18）.

[comp-4] 引用錯誤：沒有為名為comp的參考文獻提供內容

[first-paper-5] 5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 Veselago, V. G. The electrodynamics of substances with simultaneously negative values of ε and μ (PDF). Soviet Physics Uspekhi. 1968, 10 (4): 509–514. Bibcode:1968SvPhU..10..509V. doi:10.1070/PU1968v010n04ABEH003699. ^{[永久失效連結]}

[NIST-metamat-6] 6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 引用錯誤：沒有為名為NIST-metamat的參考文獻提供內容

[EngZol-7] Engheta, N.; Ziolkowski, R. W. A positive future for double-negative metamaterials (PDF). IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques. 2005, 53 (4): 1535 [2013-01-26]. Bibcode:2005ITMTT..53.1535E. doi:10.1109/TMTT.2005.845188. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2018-11-23）.

[beruete-8] Beruete, M.; Navarro-Cía, M.; Sorolla, M.; Campillo, I. Planoconcave lens by negative refraction of stacked subwavelength hole arrays (PDF). Optics Express. 2008, 16 (13): 9677–9683 [2013-01-26]. Bibcode:2008OExpr..16.9677B. PMID 18575535. doi:10.1364/OE.16.009677. （原始內容 (PDF)存檔於2009-12-13）.

[alueng-9] Alu, A.; Engheta, N. Guided Modes in a Waveguide Filled with a Pair of Single-Negative (SNG), Double-Negative (DNG), and/or Double-Positive (DPS) Layers. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques. 2004, 52: 199. Bibcode:2004ITMTT..52..199A. doi:10.1109/TMTT.2003.821274.

[shalaev-10] 10.0 ^10.1 ^10.2 Shalaev, V. M. Optical negative-index metamaterials (PDF). Nature Photonics. 2007, 1: 41. Bibcode:2007NaPho...1...41S. doi:10.1038/nphoton.2006.49.

[V2003-11] Veselago, Viktor G. Electrodynamics of materials with negative index of refraction (pay wall). Physics-Uspekhi. 2003, 46 (7): 764. Bibcode:2003PhyU...46..764V. doi:10.1070/PU2003v046n07ABEH001614.
Alternate source at:

Lim Hock; Ong Chong Kim, and Serguei Matitsine. Electromagnetic Materials:. Proceedings of the Symposium F (ICMAT 2003). SUNTEC, Singapore: World Scientific. 7–12 December 2003: 115–122. ISBN 978-981-238-372-3. paper by Victor G. Veselago. Electrodynamics of materials with negative index of refraction.

[12] Alternate source at:

[13] Lim Hock; Ong Chong Kim, and Serguei Matitsine. Electromagnetic Materials:. Proceedings of the Symposium F (ICMAT 2003). SUNTEC, Singapore: World Scientific. 7–12 December 2003: 115–122. ISBN 978-981-238-372-3. paper by Victor G. Veselago. Electrodynamics of materials with negative index of refraction.

[GrpVel2-12] 12.0 ^12.1 Dolling, Gunnar; Christian Enkrich; Martin Wegener; Costas M. Soukoulis; Stefan Linden. Simultaneous Negative Phase and Group Velocity of Light in a Metamaterial. Science. 2006, 312 (5775): 892–894. Bibcode:2006Sci...312..892D. PMID 16690860. doi:10.1126/science.1126021.

[GrpVel1-13] Garrett, C. G. B.; D. E. McCumber. Propagation of a Gaussian Light Pulse through an Anomalous Dispersion Medium (PDF). Phys. Rev. A. 1969-09-25, 1 (2): 305–313. Bibcode:1970PhRvA...1..305G. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.1.305. ^{[永久失效連結]}

[14] Stenner, M. D.; Gauthier, D. J.; Neifeld, M. A.; Gauthier; Neifeld. The speed of information in a 'fast-light' optical medium. Nature. Oct 2003, 425 (6959): 695–8. Bibcode:2003Natur.425..695S. PMID 14562097. doi:10.1038/nature02016.

[15] FOM Institute. [2013-01-26]. （原始內容存檔於2008-12-27）.

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