鋨化合物
鋨的氧化態 | |
---|---|
−2 | Na 2[Os(CO) 4] |
−1 | Na 2[Os 4(CO) 13] |
0 | Os 3(CO) 12 |
+1 | OsI |
+2 | OsI 2 |
+3 | OsBr 3 |
+4 | OsO 2, OsCl 4 |
+5 | OsF 5 |
+6 | OsF 6 |
+7 | OsOF 5 |
+8 | OsO 4, Os(NCH 3) 4 |
鋨化合物是含有鋨(Os)的化合物,鋨化合價在−2至+8範圍內的化合物均是已知的。Na
2[Os
4(CO)
13]和Na
2[Os(CO)
4]分別是−1和−2價的鋨化合物,用於合成鋨的簇合物。[1][2]
氧化物
四氧化鋨是最著名的鋨化合物,元素鋨的名稱音譯自「osmium」,源自古希臘語「ὀσμή,osme,氣味」,而其氣味來自於四氧化鋨。[4]它是無色揮發性固體,但一些樣品略帶黃色,[5]這源自於黃棕色的OsO2雜質。[6]鋨粉在空氣中氧化便得到四氧化鋨,塊狀的鋨發生這一反應則需加熱至400 °C。[7]
OsO4是路易斯酸,為溫和的氧化劑。它和鹼的水溶液反應,得到高鋨酸鹽(OsO
4(OH)2−
2)[8],它很容易被還原為鋨酸鹽(OsO
2(OH)2−
4)。它和胺(路易斯鹼)可以形成加合物,也能和氨反應,得到氮基鋨酸鹽:
- OsO4 + NH3 + KOH → K[Os(N)O3] + 2 H2O
[Os(N)O3]−陰離子和OsO4是同構的等電子體。OsO4易溶於叔丁醇,在溶液中,可以迅速被氫氣還原為金屬鋨。鋨的懸浮液可用於催化一系列含雙鍵或三鍵的有機物的氫化反應。
- OsO4 + 4 H2 → Os + 4 H2O
二氧化鋨是鋨的另一種氧化物,可由鋨和氯酸鈉、四氧化鋨或一氧化氮在600 °C反應製得。[9][10]它不溶於水,可以和稀鹽酸反應。[11][12]
鹵素化合物
六氟化鋨是17種已知的二元六氟化物之一,它可由鋨和過量的氟氣反應得到。它是黃色晶體,在33.4 °C熔化,47.5 °C沸騰。[13]它可以部分水解,生成OsOF4。[14] 五氟化鋨在固態時為四聚體(Os4F20),可由碘在五氟化碘溶液中還原六氟化鋨得到:[15]
- 10 OsF6 + I2 → 10 OsF5 + 2 IF5
四氯化鋨存在兩種晶型,可用於製備其它鋨化合物,它最初於1909年通過鋨的氯化反應得到:[16] 這種方法得到紅黑色的高溫相:[17]
- Os + 2 Cl2 → OsCl4
該相屬正交晶系,鋨中心以八面體配位,OsCl6八面體共享對邊成鏈。.[18]棕色的立方晶型通過氯化亞碸還原四氧化鋨得到:[19]
- OsO4 + 4 SOCl2 → OsCl4 + 2 Cl2 + 4 SO2
它溶於鹽酸形成六氯合鋨(IV)酸:
- OsO4 + 10 HCl → H2OsCl6 + 2 Cl2 + 4 H2O
六氯合鋨(IV)酸鉀(K2OsCl6)可以被二甲基亞碸還原,加熱時從Os(IV)經Os(III)還原至Os(II),產物為cis,fac-[OsII(dmso-S)3(dmso-O)Cl2],它在室溫會緩慢地異構化為trans-[OsII(dmso-S)4X2]。溴配合物(K2OsBr6)的反應與之類似。[20]
鋨和氯可以形成一種含Os=Cl-R特殊成鍵的化合物,它可以二氯化三(三苯基膦)合鋨和1-乙炔基-2-叔丁基乙炔基苯為原料反應製得。[21]
參考文獻
- ^ Krause, J.; Siriwardane, Upali; Salupo, Terese A.; Wermer, Joseph R.; et al. Preparation of [Os3(CO)11]2− and its reactions with Os3(CO)12; structures of [Et4N] [HOs3(CO)11] and H2OsS4(CO). Journal of Organometallic Chemistry. 1993, 454 (1–2): 263–271. doi:10.1016/0022-328X(93)83250-Y.
- ^ Carter, Willie J.; Kelland, John W.; Okrasinski, Stanley J.; Warner, Keith E.; et al. Mononuclear hydrido alkyl carbonyl complexes of osmium and their polynuclear derivatives. Inorganic Chemistry. 1982, 21 (11): 3955–3960. doi:10.1021/ic00141a019.
- ^ Brian S. McGilligan, John Arnold, Geoffrey Wilkinson, Bilquis Hussain-Bates, Michael B. Hursthouse. Reactions of Dimesityldioxo-Osmium(VI) with Donor Ligands; Reactions of MO2(2,4,6-Me3C6H2)2, M = Os or Re, with Nitrogen Oxides. X-Ray Crystal Structures of [2,4,6-Me3C6H2N2]+[OsO2(ONO2)2(2,4,6-Me3C6H2)]–, OsO(NBut)(2,4,6-Me3C6H2)2, OsO3(NBut), and ReO3[N(2,4,6-Me3C6H2)2]. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 1990, (8): 2465–2475. doi:10.1039/DT9900002465.
- ^ Weeks, M. E. Discovery of the Elements 7. Journal of Chemical Education. 1968: 414–418. ISBN 978-0-8486-8579-9. OCLC 23991202.
- ^ Girolami, Gregory. Osmium weighs. Nature Chemistry. 2012, 4 (11): 954. Bibcode:2012NatCh...4..954G. PMID 23089872. doi:10.1038/nchem.1479.
- ^ Cotton and Wilkinson, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, p.1002
- ^ Housecroft, C. E.; Sharpe, A. G. Inorganic Chemistry 2nd. Prentice Hall. 2004: 671–673, 710. ISBN 978-0130399137.
- ^ Greenwood, Norman Neill; Earnshaw, Alan. Chemistry of the elements. 2016. ISBN 978-0-7506-3365-9. OCLC 1040112384 (英語).
- ^ A. F. Holleman & E. Wiberg. Inorganic chemistry. Academic Press. 2001: 1465. ISBN 0-12-352651-5.
- ^ Thiele G.; Woditsch P. Neutronenbeugungsuntersuchungen am Osmium(IV)-oxid. Journal of the Less Common Metals. 1969, 17 (4): 459. doi:10.1016/0022-5088(69)90074-5.
- ^ J. E. Greedan; D. B. Willson; T. E. Haas. Metallic nature of osmium dioxide. Inorg. Chem. 1968, 7 (11): 2461–2463. doi:10.1021/ic50069a059.
- ^ Yen, P. Growth and characterization of OsO
2 single crystals. Journal of Crystal Growth. 2004, 262 (1–4): 271. doi:10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2003.10.021. - ^ CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 90th Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 2009, ISBN 978-1-4200-9084-0, Section 4, Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds, p. 4-85.
- ^ Paine, R. T. Partial hydrolysis of rhenium and osmium hexafluorides. An improved synthesis and characterization of rhenium oxide tetrafluoride. Inorganic Chemistry. 1 June 1973, 12 (6): 1457–1458. doi:10.1021/ic50124a060.
- ^ Holloway, John H.; Mitchell, S. J. Preparation and Crystal Structure of Osmium Pentafluoride. Journal of the Chemical Society. 1971: 2789–94. doi:10.1039/J19710002789.
- ^ Otto Ruff and Ferd. Bornemann. Über das Osmium, seine analytische Bestimmung, seine Oxyde und seine Chloride. Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie. 1910, 65: 429–456 [2023-02-10]. doi:10.1002/zaac.19100650126. (原始內容存檔於2023-01-02).
- ^ Cotton, S. A. Chemistry of Precious Metals. London: Chapman and Hall. 1997. ISBN 0-7514-0413-6.
- ^ Wells A.F. Structural Inorganic Chemistry 5th. Oxford Science Publications. 1984. ISBN 0-19-855370-6.
- ^ Paul Machmer. On the polymorphism of osmium tetrachloride. Chem. Commun. 1967, (12): 610a. doi:10.1039/C1967000610A.
- ^ Rudnitskaya, O. V.; Kultyshkina, E. K.; Dobrokhotova, E. V. Interaction of potassium hexahalogenoosmates(IV) with DMSO. Vestnik MITKHT. 2013, 8 (2): 74–78. ISSN 1819-1487 (俄語).
- ^ 21.0 21.1 Zhenwei Chu, Guomei He, Chuan Shi, Yuhui Hua, Yaxi Huang, Jiangxi Chen, Hujun Xie, Guochen Jia. Aromatic chloroosmacyclopentatrienes. National Science Review. 2022-10-28 [2023-02-10]. ISSN 2095-5138. doi:10.1093/nsr/nwac237. (原始內容存檔於2022-11-06) (英語).