優貝酵母
優貝酵母（學名：Saccharomyces eubayanus）是酵母屬的一種真菌，為耐冷的酵母菌。用於釀造拉格啤酒的巴氏酵母即是由優貝酵母和釀酒酵母雜交產生[1][2][3]，且其兩個支序（Saaz與Frohberg）可能分別來自一起獨立的優貝酵母和釀酒酵母雜交事件[4][5]。
優貝酵母
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科学分类 
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| 界： | 真菌界 Fungi |
| 门： | 子囊菌门 Ascomycota |
| 纲： | 酵母菌綱 Saccharomycetes |
| 目： | 酵母菌目 Saccharomycetales |
| 科： | 酵母菌科 Saccharomycetaceae |
| 属： | 酵母屬 Saccharomyces |
| 种： | 優貝酵母 S. eubayanus
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| 二名法 | |
| Saccharomyces eubayanus J.P. Samp., Libkind, Hittinger, P. Gonç., E. Valério, C. Gonç., Dover & M. Johnst.
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優貝酵母最早於南美洲巴塔哥尼亞的南青岡樹樣本中發現，當時認為可能是在哥倫布大交換中被引入歐洲，再於歐洲與釀酒酵母雜交產生巴氏酵母[6]。野生的優貝酵母可分為A與B兩大支序，歐洲與北美的菌株序列多樣性都很低，顯示它們都是由很小的子支序衍生而成。[7]。但哥倫布大交換發生於1500年以後，拉格啤酒則早在15世紀的巴伐利亞已有生產。2014年有研究基於新發現的菌株，提出優貝酵母實為發源於青藏高原[8]。
參考文獻
- ^ Sampaio JP. Microbe Profile: Saccharomyces eubayanus, the missing link to lager beer yeasts. Microbiology. September 2018, 164 (9): 1069–1071. PMC 6230766
. PMID 30175956. doi:10.1099/mic.0.000677.
- ^ Welsh J. 'Missing' Lager Brewing Yeast Discovered in Patagonia. Livescience.com. 22 August 2011 [2011-08-23]. （原始内容存档于2024-04-09）.
- ^ Kaiser T. Lager's Mystery Yeast Discovered in Argentina. Dailytech.com. [2011-08-23]. （原始内容存档于2016-12-11）.
- ^ Baker E, Wang B, Bellora N, Peris D, Hulfachor AB, Koshalek JA, et al. The Genome Sequence of Saccharomyces eubayanus and the Domestication of Lager-Brewing Yeasts. Molecular Biology and Evolution. November 2015, 32 (11): 2818–2831. PMC 4651232 . PMID 26269586. doi:10.1093/molbev/msv168.
- ^ Dunn B, Sherlock G. Reconstruction of the genome origins and evolution of the hybrid lager yeast Saccharomyces pastorianus. Genome Research. October 2008, 18 (10): 1610–1623. PMC 2556262 . PMID 18787083. doi:10.1101/gr.076075.108.
- ^ Libkind D, Hittinger CT, Valério E, Gonçalves C, Dover J, Johnston M, et al. Microbe domestication and the identification of the wild genetic stock of lager-brewing yeast. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. August 2011, 108 (35): 14539–14544. PMC 3167505 . PMID 21873232. doi:10.1073/pnas.1105430108 .
- ^ Peris, David; Sylvester, Kayla; Libkind, Diego; Gonçalves, Paula; Sampaio, José Paulo; Alexander, William G.; Hittinger, Chris Todd. Population structure and reticulate evolution of S accharomyces eubayanus and its lager‐brewing hybrids. Molecular Ecology. 2014-04, 23 (8): 2031–2045. doi:10.1111/mec.12702.
- ^ Bing J, Han PJ, Liu WQ, Wang QM, Bai FY. Evidence for a Far East Asian origin of lager beer yeast. Current Biology. May 2014, 24 (10): R380–R381. PMID 24845661. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2014.04.031 .
- ^ La cervecera Heineken compró al CONICET la patente de una levadura patagónica （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） ("The brewery Heineken bought the patent of a Patagonian yeast from CONICET. "), on: Info blanco sobre negro, Argentinia.
- ^ HEINEKEN introduces H41 ‘Wild Lager’, by Heineken, 6 Apr 2017. WebArchive as of 26 Oct 2020
