3-磷酸甘油酸
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3-磷酸甘油酸(英語:3-phosphoglycerate, 3PG或glycerate 3-phosphate GP)是生物細胞中常見的分子之一,也是糖解作用與卡爾文循環過程裡的中間產物。(註:在卡爾文循環當中簡寫為PGA)
3-磷酸甘油酸 | |
---|---|
IUPAC名 (2R)-2-Hydroxy-3-phosphonooxypropanoic acid | |
識別 | |
CAS號 | 820-11-1 |
PubChem | 439183 |
ChemSpider | 388326 |
SMILES |
|
ChEBI | 17794 |
性質 | |
化學式 | C3H7O7P |
摩爾質量 | 186.06 g·mol−1 |
若非註明,所有數據均出自標準狀態(25 ℃,100 kPa)下。 |
在糖解作用中,3-磷酸甘油酸是由1,3-雙磷酸甘油酸在磷酸甘油酸激酶(Phosphoglycerate kinase)的催化中產生的。每一分子3-雙磷酸甘油酸會使一分子的ADP轉變成為的ATP,原理是接在1,3-雙磷酸甘油酸上的兩個磷酸根,其中有一個轉移到ADP之上。這個反應需要鎂離子(Mg2+)的幫助。
接下來3-磷酸甘油酸將會在磷酸甘油酸變位酶(Phosphoglycerate)的催化下生成2-磷酸甘油酸,在此反應中,原本接在3-磷酸甘油酸,即己催化,下生成2-磷酸甘油酸的碳上的磷酸根,將會轉移到變位酶上;然後原本在變位酶上的磷酸根,則會接到3-磷酸甘油酸的碳上,反應前後的變位酶整體結構沒有變化。與上一步驟相同,此反應同樣需要Mg2+
糖酵解
在糖酵解途徑中,1,3-二磷酸甘油酸在偶聯反應中去磷酸化形成 3-磷酸甘油酸,通過底物水平磷酸化產生兩個ATP 。 [1] 然後,3-PGA 分子上留下的單個磷酸基團從末端碳移動到中心碳,產生 2-磷酸甘油酸酯。這種磷酸基重定位由磷酸甘油酸變位酶催化,該酶也催化逆反應。 [2]
卡爾文-本森循環
在不依賴於光的反應(也稱為卡爾文-本森循環)中,合成了兩個 3-磷酸甘油酸分子。 RuBP是一種 5 碳糖,在rubisco酶的催化下進行碳固定,變成不穩定的 6 碳中間體。 然後,該中間體被裂解成兩個獨立的 3-碳 3-PGA 分子。 [3] 所得 3-PGA 分子之一繼續通過 Calvin-Benson 循環再生為 RuBP,而另一個則通過兩個步驟還原形成一分子甘油醛 3-磷酸(G3P):將 3-PGA磷酸化為1, 3-二磷酸甘油酸通過磷酸甘油酸激酶(與糖酵解中的反應相反)生成,隨後由甘油醛 3-磷酸脫氫酶催化生成 G3P。 [4] [5] [6] G3P 最終反應形成糖,如葡萄糖或果糖或更複雜的澱粉。 [7] :156[4] [5]
氨基酸合成
3-磷酸甘油酯(由 3-磷酸甘油酸形成)也是絲氨酸的前體,絲氨酸反過來又可以通過同型半胱氨酸循環產生半胱氨酸和甘氨酸。 [8] [9] [10]
測量
3-磷酸甘油酸可以使用紙色譜[11]以及柱色譜和其他色譜分離方法來分離和測量。 [12] 它可以使用氣相色譜法和液相色譜質譜法進行鑑定,並已針對使用串聯質譜技術的評估進行了優化。 [13] [14] [15]
參考文獻
- ^ Rye, Connie; Wise, Robert; Jurukovski, Vladimir; DeSaix, Jean; Choi, Jung; Avissar, Yael. https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/7-2-glycolysis
|chapterurl=
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- ^ Andersson, I. Catalysis and regulation in Rubisco. Journal of Experimental Botany. 2008, 59 (7): 1555–1568. PMID 18417482. doi:10.1093/jxb/ern091 .Andersson, I. (2008). "Catalysis and regulation in Rubisco". Journal of Experimental Botany. 59 (7): 1555–1568. doi:10.1093/jxb/ern091. PMID 18417482 (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館).
- ^ 4.0 4.1 Moran, L. The Calvin Cycle: Regeneration. Sandwalk. 2007 [11 May 2021]. (原始內容存檔於2022-09-27).Moran, L. (2007). "The Calvin Cycle: Regeneration" (頁面存檔備份,存於網際網路檔案館). Sandwalk. Retrieved 11 May 2021.
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