齐特琴
齐特琴（德语：Zither）是一种既是指弦乐器中一个类别的乐器，已同时该类别某些特定乐器的名称。德语的本名zither字源来自拉丁词语 cithara，跟现代英语吉他（guitar）同源。结构演化自中世纪拨弦乐瑟（psaltery），流行于奥地利的蒂罗尔和巴伐利亚。琴由一个形状扁平的木质共鸣箱，再加上4或5根的旋律弦和37根的伴奏弦所组成；旋律弦靠向弹奏者，用左手手指上的拨子弹奏。伴奏弦则可用任何一只手的手指弹奏。齐特琴常在轻歌剧中表现情节的乡土气息。[1][2][3]
_002.JPG) 一个典型的齐特琴 | |
| 弦乐器 | |
|---|---|
| 分类 | 弦乐器（一般分类法） 弦鸣乐器（萨克斯分类法） |
| H-S分类 | 314.122-4 （弦线横放、附盒形音箱的全板型齐特琴，使用琴锤） |
| 起源 | 16至17世纪 |
| 相关乐器 | |
| 筝、桑图尔、德西马琴、钦巴龙 | |
调音
齐特琴的调音表如下：
| ZITHER TUNING CHART | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FRETTED | UNFRETTED | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| STRING | Melody | Accompaniment | Basses | Countrabasses | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 36 | 37 | 38 | 39 | 40 | 41 | 42 | ||
| PITCH | Munich | A4 | A4 | D4 | G3 | C3 | Eb4 | Bb3 | F4 | C4 | G3 | D4 | A3 | E4 | B3 | F#3 | C#4 | G#3 | Eb3 | Bb2 | F3 | C3 | G2 | D3 | A2 | E3 | B2 | F#2 | C#3 | G#2 | F2 | E2 | Eb2 | D2 | C#2 | C2 | B1 | Bb1 | A1 | G#1 | G1 | F#1 | F1 |
| Viennese | A4 | D4 | G3 | G3 | C3 | Ab4 | Eb4 | Bb3 | F4 | C4 | G4 | D4 | A3 | E4 | B3 | F#4 | C#4 | G#3 | Eb2 | Bb2 | F2 | C3 | G2 | D2 | A2 | E2 | B2 | F#2 | C#2 | G#2 | C2 | B1 | Bb1 | A1 | G# | G1 | F#1 | F1 | |||||
| Notes: | Basic | Concert | Alpine | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
参考来源
文献
- Dearling, Robert; Stringed Instruments; Chelsea House Publishing (2000). ISBN 0791060926
- Marcuse, Sibyl; Musical Instruments: A Comprehensive Dictionary; W. W. Norton & Company (1975). ISBN 0393007588
- Mühlemann, Lorenz; Die Zither in der Schweiz: Von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart ; Turtleback (1995). ISBN 3-729-60584-4 (German)
- Ralston, Jack L.; A Selective Bibliography for the Zither; University of Missouri (1981). ASIN: B00072D9GI
- Schuler, Manfred; Zither In Der Volksmusik , vol. 1 & 2; Unbekannt . ISBN 3-853-66837-2, 3-708-40155-7 (German)
外部链接
- "Fretless Zithers" at MinerMusic.com （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） English language site dedicated to the chord zither. The authors present arguments for the instrument to be renamed 'fretless zither'. Contains some dead links.
- "Zither collection of the University of Leipzig" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） German language site with pictures of vintage instruments including bowed zithers (here called Streichzithern)
- "Zither US" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） English language site based in the U.S.A.. Contains biographies of early performers and personalities associated with the history of concert and Alpine zithers, mainly in the U.S. Also contacts for resources like instrument maintenance, enthusiast clubs and events.
- 'Zithernhistorie' German language site describing transition from drone zither to 19th century Mittenwald and Salzburg concert zither
- Zitherseite von Werner Wölfing. German language site with photographs, history and different types of zither, links to further information and resources, zither makers and players
- Anton Karas page by his Grandson (English version) （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） von Werner Chudik. Contains article by Günter Wittenstein discussing the zither tuning used by Karas
- Ruth Welcome Discography （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）