齊特琴
齊特琴（德語：Zither）是一種既是指弦樂器中一個類別的樂器，已同時該類別某些特定樂器的名稱。德語的本名zither字源來自拉丁詞語 cithara，跟現代英語吉他（guitar）同源。結構演化自中世紀撥弦樂瑟（psaltery），流行於奧地利的蒂羅爾和巴伐利亞。琴由一個形狀扁平的木質共鳴箱，再加上4或5根的旋律弦和37根的伴奏弦所組成；旋律弦靠向彈奏者，用左手手指上的撥子彈奏。伴奏弦則可用任何一隻手的手指彈奏。齊特琴常在輕歌劇中表現情節的鄉土氣息。[1][2][3]
_002.JPG) 一個典型的齊特琴 | |
| 弦樂器 | |
|---|---|
| 分類 | 絃樂器（一般分類法） 絃鳴樂器（薩克斯分類法） |
| H-S分類 | 314.122-4 （絃線橫放、附盒形音箱的全板型齊特琴，使用琴鎚） |
| 起源 | 16至17世紀 |
| 相關樂器 | |
| 箏、桑圖爾、德西馬琴、欽巴龍 | |
調音
齊特琴的調音表如下：
| ZITHER TUNING CHART | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FRETTED | UNFRETTED | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| STRING | Melody | Accompaniment | Basses | Countrabasses | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 36 | 37 | 38 | 39 | 40 | 41 | 42 | ||
| PITCH | Munich | A4 | A4 | D4 | G3 | C3 | Eb4 | Bb3 | F4 | C4 | G3 | D4 | A3 | E4 | B3 | F#3 | C#4 | G#3 | Eb3 | Bb2 | F3 | C3 | G2 | D3 | A2 | E3 | B2 | F#2 | C#3 | G#2 | F2 | E2 | Eb2 | D2 | C#2 | C2 | B1 | Bb1 | A1 | G#1 | G1 | F#1 | F1 |
| Viennese | A4 | D4 | G3 | G3 | C3 | Ab4 | Eb4 | Bb3 | F4 | C4 | G4 | D4 | A3 | E4 | B3 | F#4 | C#4 | G#3 | Eb2 | Bb2 | F2 | C3 | G2 | D2 | A2 | E2 | B2 | F#2 | C#2 | G#2 | C2 | B1 | Bb1 | A1 | G# | G1 | F#1 | F1 | |||||
| Notes: | Basic | Concert | Alpine | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
參考來源
文獻
- Dearling, Robert; Stringed Instruments; Chelsea House Publishing (2000). ISBN 0791060926
- Marcuse, Sibyl; Musical Instruments: A Comprehensive Dictionary; W. W. Norton & Company (1975). ISBN 0393007588
- Mühlemann, Lorenz; Die Zither in der Schweiz: Von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart ; Turtleback (1995). ISBN 3-729-60584-4 (German)
- Ralston, Jack L.; A Selective Bibliography for the Zither; University of Missouri (1981). ASIN: B00072D9GI
- Schuler, Manfred; Zither In Der Volksmusik , vol. 1 & 2; Unbekannt . ISBN 3-853-66837-2, 3-708-40155-7 (German)
外部連結
- "Fretless Zithers" at MinerMusic.com （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） English language site dedicated to the chord zither. The authors present arguments for the instrument to be renamed 'fretless zither'. Contains some dead links.
- "Zither collection of the University of Leipzig" （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） German language site with pictures of vintage instruments including bowed zithers (here called Streichzithern)
- "Zither US" （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） English language site based in the U.S.A.. Contains biographies of early performers and personalities associated with the history of concert and Alpine zithers, mainly in the U.S. Also contacts for resources like instrument maintenance, enthusiast clubs and events.
- 'Zithernhistorie' German language site describing transition from drone zither to 19th century Mittenwald and Salzburg concert zither
- Zitherseite von Werner Wölfing. German language site with photographs, history and different types of zither, links to further information and resources, zither makers and players
- Anton Karas page by his Grandson (English version) （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館） von Werner Chudik. Contains article by Günter Wittenstein discussing the zither tuning used by Karas
- Ruth Welcome Discography （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）