用户:Lilauid/沙盒/马来联邦
3°09′35″N 101°42′00″E / 3.1597°N 101.7000°E
马来联邦 | |||||||||||||||||||
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1895–1942 1942–1945(日占时期) 1945–1946 | |||||||||||||||||||
格言:Dipelihara Allah (中文:“受上帝保护”) | |||||||||||||||||||
地位 | 大英帝国的联邦保护过 | ||||||||||||||||||
首都 | 吉隆坡[a] | ||||||||||||||||||
常用语言 | |||||||||||||||||||
宗教 | 伊斯兰教逊尼派 | ||||||||||||||||||
政府 | 君主立宪制 | ||||||||||||||||||
君主 | |||||||||||||||||||
• 1895–1901 (首任) | 维多利亚女王 | ||||||||||||||||||
• 1936–1942;1945–1946 (末任) | 乔治六世 | ||||||||||||||||||
总参政司[c] | |||||||||||||||||||
• 1896–1901 (首任) | 瑞天咸爵士 | ||||||||||||||||||
• 1939–1942 (末任) | 休·弗雷泽 | ||||||||||||||||||
立法机构 | 联邦立法议会 | ||||||||||||||||||
历史时期 | 大英帝国 | ||||||||||||||||||
• 马来联邦成立 | 1895 | ||||||||||||||||||
• 联邦条约 | 1896年7月1日 | ||||||||||||||||||
• 日本占领马来亚 | 1942年2月15日 – 1945年9月2日 | ||||||||||||||||||
• 日本投降 | 1945年9月2日 | ||||||||||||||||||
• 马来亚联邦替代马来联邦 | 1946年4月1日 | ||||||||||||||||||
人口 | |||||||||||||||||||
• 1933[1] | 1,597,700 | ||||||||||||||||||
货币 | 叻币(1898–1939) 马来亚元(1939–1942;1945–1946) | ||||||||||||||||||
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今属于 | 马来西亚 | ||||||||||||||||||
马来西亚历史 |
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历史系列条目 |
马来西亚主题 |
马来联邦(英文:Federated Malay States,FMS;马来语:Negeri-Negeri Melayu Bersekutu;爪夷文:نݢري٢ ملايو برسکوتو)是一个1985年由英国政府建立的位于马来半岛的由四个保护国雪兰莪、森美兰、霹雳和彭亨组成的联邦。
自《邦咯条约》开始,四州逐步为大英帝国所控制,其外交和防务均由英国负责。在内政方面,除了涉及马来习俗和伊斯兰教的事务以外,四州均须聆听英国派出的参政司的意见。
第二次世界大战期间,大日本帝国入侵了马来半岛和其他东南亚欧洲国家殖民地。日本投降后,英国在当地建立了军事管制区,完成过度之后马来联邦重新复国
1946年,马来联邦与两个海峡殖民地的组成部分马六甲和槟榔屿以及马来属邦重组成为马来亚联邦。两年后,马来亚联邦重组为马来亚联合邦,并于1957年获得独立,最终于1963年再重组为马来西亚(包括北婆罗洲、砂拉越和新加坡)。
权力结构
1874年1月20日,海峡殖民地总督安德鲁·克拉克爵士与霹雳州苏丹缔结邦咯条约,条约规定“霹雳苏丹接受一名英国参政司。除了有关宗教以及马来习俗之外,其余一切政务苏丹必须征求参政司的同意”同年,参政司制度扩展到雪兰莪和森美兰, 1888年扩展到彭亨。[2]
为了提高行政效率,这四个州于1895年被整合为马来联邦。这样的联邦式的权力结构这是高度集权的,实权掌握在英国政府派出的官员手中,他们最初被称为参政司,后来被称为首席大臣。[2]
1898年,英国设立了联邦政务会来管理联邦。政务会由高级专员(海峡殖民地总督)领导,并由参政司、统治者、4名州驻地官和4名指定的非官方成员协助。这种结构一直持续到1941年12月8日日本入侵马来亚为止。
统治者会议
尽管参政司是联邦的真正管理者,但联邦的四个州都保留了各自的世袭统治者。马来联邦成立时这四名统治者分别是:
- 雪兰莪苏丹,阿莱丁·苏莱曼·沙阿
- 霹雳苏丹,伊德里斯·穆尔希杜尔·阿扎姆·沙阿一世
- 森美兰默罕默德,穆罕默德·沙阿
- 彭亨苏丹,艾哈迈德·穆阿扎姆·沙阿
1897年,在霹雳皇城瓜拉江沙召开了第一届统治者会议(又名杜尔巴会议),作为四位统治者间的沟通会议。第一届会议为今日统治者会议的雏形,1957年8月27日,会议在马来西亚宪法第38条正式规定相关组织。
联邦象征
邦旗
马来联邦邦旗由四种不同颜色的条纹组成,由上至下分别是:白、红、黄、黑。
这四个颜色的不同组合分别代表了马来联邦的四个组成部分。
- 红黑黄三色代表森美兰;
- 黑白黄三色代表霹雳;
- 黑白两色代表彭亨;
- 红黄两色代表雪兰莪。
中间的标志也采用了同样的设计理念,中间的一个白色椭圆中设计了只马来亚虎。
马来联邦邦旗在吉隆坡独立广场附近的国家历史博物馆有一面邦旗的复制品。
邦徽
马来联邦邦徽上有一个由两只老虎守护的盾牌。盾牌顶部是东方王冠(英语:Eastern Crown),象征英国保护下的君主政体联邦。盾牌下方有一面横幅,上面用爪夷文写着“Dipelihara Allah”(受上帝保护)。
盾牌上的四种颜色的不同组合就和马来联邦邦旗一样,分别代表了联邦的四个组成部分。
“Dipelihara Allah”这句格言也被采纳为现今雪兰莪州的州格言。
军舰旗
除了国旗外,马来联邦还有政府船上使用的军舰旗。该旗采用英国海军舰艇的四种颜色,在日德兰海战期间由英国大舰队第五战列分舰队博伊尔上尉指挥的马来亚号舰上悬挂。
政府
参政司
1896到1936年期间,联邦的实权一直掌握在参政司(后来改为首席大臣)手中。
顺序 | 参政司 | 就任 | 离任 | 备注 |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 瑞天咸 | 1896年1月1日 | 1901年12月12日 | |
威廉·胡德·特雷彻 | 1897年10月5日 | 1898年4月16日 | 代理 | |
1900年4月29日 | 1901年12月12日 | 代理 | ||
2 | 1901年12月13日 | 1904年12月31日 | ||
威廉·托马斯·泰勒 | 1904年9月13日 | 1904年12月31日 | 代理 | |
3 | 1905年1月1日 | 1910年9月30日 | ||
爱德华·刘易斯·布罗克曼 | 1907年5月11日 | 1908年2月13日 | 代理 | |
亨利·康威·贝尔菲尔德 | 1908年5月4日 | 1908年7月27日 | 代理 | |
雷金纳德·乔治·沃森 | 1910年2月26日 | 1910年9月29日 | 代理 | |
4 | 1910年9月30日 | 1911年1月31日 |
首席大臣
马来联邦首席大臣 | |
---|---|
尊称 | 阁下 |
首任 | 亚瑟·杨 |
设立 | 1911–1936 |
末任 | 马库斯·雷克斯 |
顺序 | 首席大臣 | 就任 | 离任 | 备注 |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 亚瑟·杨 | 1911年2月1日 | 1911年9月1日 | |
2 | 爱德华·刘易斯·布罗克马 | 1911年9月2日 | 1920年9月12日 | |
雷金纳德·乔治·沃森 | 1914年4月3日 | 1915年2月8日 | 代理 | |
爱德华·乔治·布罗德里克 | 1918年1月21日 | 1918年2月5日 | 代理 | |
雷金纳德·乔治·沃森 | 1918年4月7日 | 1918年8月25日 | 代理 | |
弗雷德里克·西顿·詹姆斯 | 1920年6月13日 | 1920年10月3日 | 代理 | |
3 | 乔治·麦克斯韦 | 1920年9月13日 | 1926年5月6日 | |
阿瑟·布伦纳哈塞特·沃勒斯 | 1920年10月14日 | 1921年3月4日 | 代理 | |
奥斯瓦尔德·弗朗西斯·杰拉德·斯托纳 | 1921年12月21日 | 1922年1月9日 | 代理 | |
爱德华·肖·霍斯 | 1923年5月11日 | 1923年10月24日 | 代理 | |
4 | 贝璐 | 1926年5月9日 | 1930年4月9日 | |
亨利·瓦格斯塔夫·汤姆森 | 1927年5月6日 | 1927年6月5日 | 代理 | |
1927年9月10日 | 1928年3月31日 | 代理 | ||
查尔斯·沃尔特·汉密尔顿·科克伦 | 1929年11月30日 | 1930年4月8日 | 代理 | |
5 | 1930年4月9日 | 1932年3月24日 | ||
郝德杰 | 1931年7月25日 | 1932年3月23日 | 代理 | |
6 | 1932年3月24日 | 1933年2月3日 | ||
7 | 马尔科姆·邦德·雪莱 | 1933年2月4日 | 1935年4月4日 | |
8 | 马库斯·雷克斯 | 1935年4月4日 | 1936年2月24日 |
联邦大臣
1936年后,联邦大臣只是协调官员,受高级专员的领导,而高级专员始终是海峡殖民地的总督。
顺序 | 联邦大臣 | 就任 | 历任 |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 克里斯多福·多米尼克·阿赫恩 | 1936年2月24日 | 1939年5月6日 |
2 | 休·弗雷泽 | 1939年5月6日 | 1942年2月15日 |
政务会
在马来联邦,各州仍然由统治者(森美兰州的穆罕穆德和其他地方的苏丹)统治,但马来联邦建立后由政务会建议以管理整个联邦。政务会由驻地官员、土著酋长和苏丹提名的华人社区代表组成。政务会的作用是讨论各州关心的问题,例如立法和行政问题以及所有刑罚的修订。驻地官员与其下属官员(主要由欧洲人和马来人组成)也兼任行政工作。
行政区划
为了更有效的管理,联邦的所有州划分出二级行政区辖区(马来语音译:达伊拉,Daerah)。每个辖区都有一个辖区民政事务处,每个事务处都由一位辖区官员领导。[3]
1939年马来联邦行政区划 | |||||||||||||
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区划名称 | 首府 | 二级区划 | 地图 | ||||||||||
霹雳 | 怡保2 |
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雪兰莪 | 吉隆坡 (兼联邦行政中心) |
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森美兰 | 芙蓉 |
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彭亨 | 瓜拉立 |
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注释:
1 天定与邦咯岛在邦咯条约中割让给了海峡殖民地作为英国的直辖殖民地,1935年2月海峡殖民地将天定归还给霹雳州政府。[4] |
沿革图解
司法
The first Supreme Court was established in 1906 and headed by the Judicial Commissioner, in whom supreme judicial authority was vested. The title of Judicial Commissioner was changed to Chief Judge in 1925.
司法专员
- Lawrence Colvile Jackson
- 1913–1917 Sir Thomas de Multon Lee Braddell
- 1919–1920 Sir G. Aubrey Goodman
- 1920 Sir John Robert Innes (acting)
- 1921–1925 Sir Lionel Mabbot Woodward
审判长
- 1925–1929 Sir Henry Hessey Johnston Gompertz
- 1929–1932 Sir Lancelot Henry Elphinstone
- 1933–1937 Sir Samuel Joyce Thomas[5]
- 1937–1939 Sir Roger Evans Hall[6]
- 1939–1941 Sir Kenneth Elliston Poyser
- 1941–c.1945 Sir Harry Herbert Trusted
经济
The Federated Malay States initially used the Straits dollar issued by the Board of Commissioners of Currency for the Straits Settlements. As the currency depreciated over time, it was pegged at two shillings four sterling pence in 1906. In 1939, the British government introduced a new currency, the Malayan dollar (ringgit in Malay) for used in Malaya and Brunei replacing the Straits dollar at par value. It had denominations ranging from 1 cent to 1,000 Malayan dollars.
The Federated Malay States main economic activities were agriculture and mining with emphasis on rubber and tin. The FMS and Malaya as a whole was the main supplier of these two commodities for British industrial needs. Rubber plantations were established in all four states and tin was mined primarily in the Klang valley in Selangor and the Kinta Valley in Perak. This labour-intensive economic activities prompted the British to bring in immigrant workers from southern India to work at the plantations and workers from southern China to mine the tin.
The economic condition in the period can be viewed as self-sustainable, as the income of the federation was more than what was expended in terms of maintaining the administration and economic activities. In the later period, many resources were put into the development of Kuala Lumpur, as the capital of the federation. This period also saw rapid growth in terms of communications infrastructure such as interstate roads, the expansion of the Federated Malay States Railways' narrow gauge railway line between the Padang Besar and Singapore, and Port Swettenham (present-day Port Klang). Public schools and academic institutions were also opened along with an improvement in public health. An area in the city was also gazetted as a settlement for the Malay called Kampung Baru. Public buildings were also constructed such as the Kuala Lumpur railway station, the Government Offices of the FMS and Masjid Jamek.
The table and section below illustrated the economic growth of the federation and its member states.
Year | Revenue | Expenditure | Import | Export |
---|---|---|---|---|
1875 | $409,394 | $436,872 | $831,375 | $739,972 |
1880 | $881,910 | $794,944 | $2,231,048 | $1,906,952 |
1885 | $2,208,709 | $2,261,954 | $8,667,425 | $9,961,786 |
1890 | $4,840,065 | $5,237,275 | $15,443,809 | $17,602,093 |
1895 | $8,481,007 | $7,582,553 | $22,653,271 | $31,622,805 |
1900 | $15,609,807 | $12,728,930 | $38,402,581 | $60,361,045 |
1905 | $23,964,593 | $20,750,395 | $50,575,455 | $80,057,654 |
1910 | $26,553,018 | $23,598,610 | $53,255,151 | $102,851,990 |
1915 | $40,774,984 | $42,838,631 | $61,343,935 | $162,429,254 |
1920 | $72,277,146 | $100,433,471 | $175,916,712 | $289,112,016 |
1921 | $54,449,568 | $114,386,546 | $102,914,877 | $134,955,549 |
1922 | $52,494,110 | $49,811,007 | $78,822,349 | $140,429,775 |
Note: All values are in Straits dollars (One dollar fixed at two shillings and four pence sterling). Data for Pahang included only from 1890 onwards.
Ref: Harrison, Cuthbert Woodville. An Illustrated Guide to the Federated Malay States. 1923.
雪兰莪
The revenue of Selangor in 1875 amounted to $115,656; in 1905 it had increased to $8,857,793. Of this latter sum $3,195,318 was derived from duty on exported tin, $1,972,628 from finance, federal receipts, and $340,360 from land revenue. The trade balance was chiefly derived from the revenue farms, which included the right to collect import duty on opium and spirits. The expenditure for 1905 amounted to $7,186,146, of which sum $3,717,238 was on account of federal charges and $1,850,711 for public works. The value of the imports in 1905 was $24,643,619 and that of the exports was $26,683,316, making a total of $51,326,935 equivalent to £5,988,000. Tin was the principal export. The amount exported in 1905 was 17,254 tons. The total area of alienated mining land at the end of 1905 amounted to 65,573英亩(265平方千米).
霹雳
The revenue of Perak in 1874 amounted to $226,333. That for 1905 amounted to $12,242,897. Of this latter sum $4,876,400 was derived from duty on exported tin, $2,489,300 from railway receipts, $505,300 from land revenue and $142,800 from postal and telegraphic revenue. The remainder is mainly derived from the revenue farms, which are leased for a short term of years, conveying to the lessee the right to collect import duties upon opium, wine and spirits, to keep pawnbroking shops, and to keep public licensed gambling-houses for the use of non-Malay only. The expenditure for 1905 amounted to $10,141,980. Of this sum $4,236,000 was spent on railway upkeep and construction and $2,176,100 on public works. The value of the imports into Perak during 1905 was over $20,000,000, and that of the exports exceeded $40,000,000, making a total of over $60,000,000, equivalent to about seven million sterling. The output of tin from Perak ranged between 18,960 tons, valued at $23,099,506 in 1899, and 26,600 tons, valued at $35,500,000, in 1905. The fluctuating output figure was due to the uncertainty of the labour supply. The mining population was recruited exclusively from the districts of southern China, and during certain years an increased demand for labourers in China itself, in French Indo-China, in the Dutch colonies, and in South Africa temporarily and adversely affected immigration to the Straits of Malacca. The output had, moreover, been affected from time to time by the price of tin, which was $32.20 per pikul in 1896, rose to $42.96 in 1898, to $74.15 in 1900, and averaged $80.60 in 1905. Excluding tin, the principal exports were $108,000 worth of Para rubber, $181,000 of copra, $54,000 of hides, $48,000 of patchouli, and considerable quantities of timber, rattans and other jungle produce.
森美兰
The revenue of the Negri Sembilan amounted to $223,435 in 1888. In 1898 it had increased to $701,334, in 1900 to $1,251,366, and in 1905 to $2,335,534. The revenue for 1905 was derived mainly as follows: customs $1,268,602, land revenue $145,475, land sales $21,407, while the revenue farms contributed $584,459. The expenditure in 1905 amounted to $2,214,093, of which $1,125,355 was spent on public works. The trade returns for 1905, which are not, however, complete, showed an aggregate value of about $13,000,000. The value of the tin exported during 1905 exceeded $6,900,000, and the value of the agricultural produce, of which gambier represented $211,000 and damar $80,000, amounted to $407,990.
彭亨
The revenue of Pahang in 1899 amounted to $62,077; in 1900 to $419,150. In 1905 it was $528,368. The expenditure in 1905 amounted to $1,208,176. Of this sum $736,886 was spent on public works. Pahang is still a source of expense to the federation, its progress having been slowed by the disturbances which lasted from December 1891 until 1895, with short intervals of peace, but the revenue was steadily increasing, and the ultimate financial success of the state is considered to be secure. Pahang owed something over $3,966,500 to Selangor and $1,175,000 to Perak, which had financed it for some years out of surplus revenue. The value of the imports in 1905 was $1,344,346, that of the exports was $3,838,928, thus making a total trade value of $5,183,274. The most valuable export is tin, the value of which in 1905 amounted to $2,820,745. The value of the gutta exported exceeded $140,000, that of dried and salted fish amounted to nearly $70,000, and that of timber to $325,000.
教育
新闻刊物
军事历史
一战
With the threat of Germany, the British Navy was in a drive for expansion. As a contribution, the government and people of the Federated Malay States agreed to finance the commissioning of HMS Malaya; this was a motion proposed in the Federal Council by the Sultan of Perak in 1913 and supported by the Sultan of Selangor. The battleship which cost $25,000,000 (approximately £2,945,709) was one of five of the Queen Elizabeth-class battleship, displacing 31,000 tons, mounting fifteen-inch guns and capable of 25节(46千米每小时). The most modern ships of their day, they formed the 5th Battle Squadron and fought as such at Jutland in 1916. HMS Malaya was also refurbished and was in service throughout World War II.[来源请求]
二战
After the Japanese landed in Malaya on 8 December 1941, the Japanese forces began their invasion of the Malay Peninsula. Japanese forces began their invasion of the FMS by crossing the Thailand–FMS border at Kroh. Ipoh, the state capital of Perak, fell on 26 December 1941. Kuala Lumpur, the capital of the Federated Malay States and the State of Selangor, was captured on 11 January 1942. Seremban, the state capital of Negeri Sembilan, was captured two days later. Kuantan, in the eastern component state of Pahang, fell on 30 December 1941, meanwhile the capital, Kuala Lipis was taken by the Japanese on 7 January 1942. With the conclusion of the Battle of Gemas on 15 January 1942, the entire FMS was now in Japanese hands.
All of Malaya including Singapore remained under Japanese occupation until the surrender of Japan on 2 September 1945.
联邦解散
The federation was formally dissolved on 1 April 1946, and was incorporated into the Malayan Union thereafter. This in turn was succeeded by the Federation of Malaya in 1948, which gained independence in 1957, and later became Malaysia in 1963.
邮票
While the four states issued their own postage stamps as before, there were additional issues for the Federated States as a whole.
参见
参考文献
- ^ Annual report of the Medical Department / Federated Malay States.. [2 September 2021].
- ^ 2.0 2.1 Simon C. Smith, "Rulers and Residents: British Relations with the Aden Protectorate, 1937–59", Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 31, No. 3 (Jul., 1995), p. 511.
- ^ Map of British Malaya Including The Straits Settlements Federated Malay States and Malay States Not Included In The Federation 1924. Raremaps.com. [20 March 2016]. (原始内容存档于20 March 2016).
- ^ Sejarah Manjung. Laman Web Rasmi Majlis Perbandaran Manjung. Manjung Municipal Council. [18 October 2015]. (原始内容存档于27 November 2015). 已忽略未知参数
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(帮助) - ^ Samuel Joyce THOMAS. homepages.ihug.co.nz. (原始内容存档于13 October 2015). 已忽略未知参数
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(帮助) - ^ SIR ROGER HALL NEW F.M.S. CHIEF JUSTICE.. The Straits Times: 12. 6 September 1937.
- Harrison, Cuthbert Woodville. An Illustrated Guide to the Federated Malay States. 1923
- George Palmer Putnam Collection of Amelia Earhart Papers © Purdue University
- Benfield, H. Conway. Handbook of The Federated Malay States sabrizain.org Retrieved 23 January 2018.