帕米拉

關於與「帕爾米拉」標題相近或相同的條目，請見「帕邁拉」。

巴爾米拉（希臘語：Παλμυρα；帕米拉亞蘭語：𐡶𐡣𐡬𐡥𐡴，也譯帕爾米拉），是在敘利亞中部的一個重要的古代城市，位於大馬士革東北215公里，幼發拉底河西南120公里處。是商隊穿越敘利亞沙漠的重要中轉站，也是重要的商業中心。巴爾米拉是該城的希臘語名字，來源於它最初的亞拉姆語名字「塔德莫」（Tadmor），意為「棕櫚樹」。

帕爾米拉古城遺址

世界遺產
2010年的巴爾米拉
官方名稱	Site of Palmyra（英文） Site de Palmyre（法文）
位置	敘利亞（阿拉伯國家）
標準	文化：(i)(ii)(iv)
參考編碼	23
登錄年份	1980年（第4屆會議）
列為瀕危	2013年至今
座標	34°33′9″N 38°15′54″E

歷史

古代

遺址鳥瞰

塔德莫最早是在馬利（Mari）公元前2000年的文獻中被提到，馬力是附近另一連接美索不達米亞和北敘利亞的貿易城市。塔德莫也在舊約中被提到（歷代志下8.4），是一座所羅門設防的沙漠城市。塔馬城（Tamar）在列王紀上被提到，所羅門也在此設防，塔馬被認為是塔德莫在傳統希伯來讀音中的讀法。塔德莫在約瑟夫所著的《猶太古史》中被認為是所羅門所建，並指出希臘語名字巴爾米拉。

在現代希伯來語中，巴爾米拉的名字還是塔德莫。巴爾米拉的語源並不清楚，大多數學者都認為於此地的棕櫚樹有關，也有學者認為是塔德莫的訛譯。

希臘化-羅馬時期

當塞琉古一世於前312年控制敘利亞時，這座城市仍保持獨立。城市在公元前1世紀作為過往商隊的中轉站而繁榮起來。前41年，馬克·安東尼帶領羅馬軍隊試圖占領巴爾米拉，但未能成功，因為巴爾米拉人都逃到幼發拉底河的對岸去了。這說明巴爾米拉當時還是個游牧的定居點，貴重物品可以在很短的時間內被轉移。巴爾米拉在提比略統治時期被併入羅馬帝國的敘利亞行省。巴爾米拉作為連接波斯、印度、中國和羅馬帝國的貿易城市而迅速發展。在129年，哈德良巡幸了該城市，他稱讚了巴爾米拉，宣布該城自由，並重命名為巴爾米拉·哈德良那（Palmyra Hadriana）。

劇院

從212年起，巴爾米拉的貿易衰落了，因為薩珊王朝控制了底格里斯河和幼發拉底河的河口。巴爾米拉的王子奧登納圖斯被羅馬皇帝瓦萊里安任命為敘利亞行省的長官。在瓦萊里安被薩珊人俘虜後，奧登納圖斯為報復進攻薩珊波斯，兩度打敗沙普爾一世的軍隊。當奧登納圖斯被暗殺後，他的妻子芝諾比亞掌權，和她的兒子瓦巴拉圖斯（Vabalathus）一起統治巴爾米拉。芝諾比亞成立帕米拉王國，與羅馬當局對抗，並奪取了西到埃及的廣大土地，甚至試圖奪取安條克。在272年，羅馬皇帝奧雷里安反攻，俘虜了芝諾比亞，並在羅馬的凱旋式上讓她帶着金鎖鏈以炫耀戰功。巴爾米拉的叛亂使羅馬很憤怒，帝國對巴爾米拉實行高壓統治，並成為羅馬邊防的軍事基地。戴克里先在這裡增加駐軍並修築更堅固的城牆以抵抗薩珊波斯的威脅。在東羅馬帝國時期城市大部分都被遺棄了。

伊斯蘭時期

這座城市後來被阿拉伯人攻下。在16世紀，在一座附近的山上建造了法克雷丁·馬尼城堡（Fakhredin al Maany）。城堡被一條壕溝圍繞，只能從吊橋進入。後來的一場地震毀滅了巴爾米拉。

現代

伊斯蘭國於2015年5月21日起佔領該遺址並開始進行破壞活動。儘管該組織宣稱不會破壞古城的主體建築，但從BBC所刊發的影片來看，針對寺廟壁畫、雕塑及一些神像遭到徹底摧毀。

敘利亞政府於2016年3月27日收復巴爾米拉時，仍保持約80%的完整性，但有些已毀壞，沒有毀壞的劇院則淪為伊斯蘭國殘暴影片的背景。2016年12月11日，伊斯蘭國再次攻佔巴爾米拉。2017年3月2日敘利亞政府與俄羅斯聯軍在帕米拉攻勢後再次收復。2024年12月7日，當地被敘利亞自由軍收復。

遺址

塔狀墳墓

現在的廢墟大約保存了城市的原貌。主要的道路網保存完好，一條1.2公里長的有列柱的主幹道從西向東，到貝爾神廟結束。在街的南面有議會、集市和劇場。建築大多是科林斯式的，也受到美索不達米亞和波斯的影響。

在城市的東南面有許多塔狀和地下墓穴。大多數塔狀墳墓可以追溯到羅馬時代以前，而地下墓穴為251年建成的。

貿易

巴爾米拉的貿易遠到埃及、羅馬、印度等地。巴爾米拉的財富主要來源於對商隊的課稅和當地商站。稅收相當可觀，商隊必須經過這座城市，因為他們必須在穿越沙漠的途中在這裡補充水和食物。

宗教

貝爾神廟

巴爾米拉的宗教主要受巴比倫的影響，但也有當地特色。巴爾米拉的主神是貝爾（Bel），可能是混合了巴力（Baal）和馬杜克（Marduk）而產生的當地神。貝爾是天空之神，世界的創造者和眾神之首。貝爾的旨意被認為可以從星象中反映出來，決定人與國家的命運，或是預示未來。

次於貝爾的神是太陽神亞希波爾（Yarhibol）和月亮神阿格利波爾（Aglibol）。

在2世紀，一種對一位不知名的神靈的崇拜流行了起來，只提到「他的名字是神聖的，慈悲而善良。」這可能和基督教和猶太教有關，也可能受其它宗教影響。

晨曦中的巴爾米拉全景

氣候

巴爾米拉
月份	1月	2月	3月	4月	5月	6月	7月	8月	9月	10月	11月	12月	全年
平均高溫 °C（°F）	12.1 (53.8)	14.7 (58.5)	19.4 (66.9)	25.2 (77.4)	30.7 (87.3)	35.4 (95.7)	38.1 (100.6)	37.9 (100.2)	34.4 (93.9)	28.3 (82.9)	19.9 (67.8)	13.5 (56.3)	25.8 (78.4)
平均低溫 °C（°F）	2.5 (36.5)	3.8 (38.8)	6.9 (44.4)	11.5 (52.7)	15.9 (60.6)	19.8 (67.6)	21.5 (70.7)	21.6 (70.9)	19.1 (66.4)	14.3 (57.7)	7.7 (45.9)	3.5 (38.3)	12.3 (54.2)
平均降水量 mm（英寸）	20.8 (0.82)	18.4 (0.72)	21.2 (0.83)	18.3 (0.72)	8.2 (0.32)	0.4 (0.02)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0.3 (0.01)	8.8 (0.35)	16.1 (0.63)	20.2 (0.80)	132.7 (5.22)
平均降水天數	7	10	6	4	2	0	0	0	0	3	5	7	44
數據來源：World Meteorological Organization

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外部連結

• Metropolitan Museum of Art – Palmyra （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）
• Palmyra. Italian-Syrian Archaeological Mission of the University of Milan （頁面存檔備份，存於網際網路檔案館）

參見

• 敘利亞歷史
• 敘利亞沙漠