使用者:人間百態/瑪爾塔·波馬

瑪爾塔·波馬
Headshot of Martha Poma
Official portrait, 2012
拉巴斯省參議員英語Chamber of Senators (Bolivia)
任期
2010年1月19日—2015年1月18日
替補者英語Substitute (elections)維克托·卡斯特羅
前任路易斯·巴斯克斯
繼任豪爾赫·肖克西班牙語Jorge Choque
個人資料
出生Martha Poma Luque
(1964-11-19) 1964年11月19日60歲)
Chojñapata Chiñaja英語Chojñapata Chiñaja Canton, La Paz, Bolivia
政黨Movement for Socialism (2006–present)
其他政黨Integrative Social Autonomy (2004)
職業
  • Artisan
  • politician
  • trade unionist

Martha Poma Luque (born 19 November 1964) is a Bolivian politician, trade unionist, and textile artisan who served as senator英語Chamber of Senators (Bolivia) for La Paz from 2010 to 2015.

Born in highland Omasuyos Province, Poma spent her youth between the rural Altiplano and the migrant city of El Alto. A daughter of artisans, she worked in handicrafts, producing traditional indigenous textiles英語Andean textiles for much of her life. Poma taught women's workshops on weaving and sewing for the Catholic英語Catholic Church in Bolivia charity Caritas and held leadership positions in artisan organizations, including as general secretary of the Pachamama Artisans' Association. She served as chair of the Central Council of Artisans of El Alto and represented her trade's labor organizations at the Regional Worker Center and the National Confederation of Artisans.

Following an unsuccessful campaign for a seat on the El Alto Municipal Council英語El Alto Municipality in 2004, Poma joined the ranks of the ruling Movement for Socialism. She failed in her first bid for Constituent Assembly英語Bolivian Constituent Assembly of 2006–2007 in 2006 and finally won a seat in the Senate in 2009. Poma was the first indigenous woman​(西班牙語 to represent La Paz in the Senate and the first to serve on its directorate. As a representative of El Alto's artisan sector, Poma led the push to revive a long-gridlocked artisanry bill and defended her constituency even when their position conflicted with ruling party policy. She was not nominated for reelection.

Early life and career

Early life and education

Martha Poma was born on 19 November 1964 in Chojñapata Chiñaja英語Chojñapata Chiñaja Canton,[α] a canton in the Ancoraimes Municipality of western La Paz's highland Omasuyos Province.[3] Poma was the lone daughter in a family of twelve siblings;[4] her parents, both artisans, made their livings in multiple fields: Poma's mother operated a small family-owned restaurant and specialized in embroidery in her off time, while her father made weavings from alpaca fiber英語alpaca fiber during his days away from the mines.[5]

Poma spent her youth between the city and the countryside. Her family practiced agriculture英語Andean agriculture and animal husbandry on the Altiplano; she was taught to work the fields, harvesting traditional Andean crops, primarily maize and potatoes. From age 4, Poma spent regular stints in La Paz's west end (now El Alto),[6] where she attended the Henriette de la Chevalier School up through her third year of intermediate.[7] She completed the remainder of her studies at adult school英語adult school, graduating with a baccalaureate​(西班牙語 from the Center for Accelerated Secondary Education in 2003.[8]

Career and trade unionism

Like her parents, Poma worked as a textile artisan英語Textile arts for a significant part of her life. She labored for over two decades producing英語Textile manufacturing by pre-industrial methods traditional indigenous textiles英語Textile arts of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas of the region英語Andean textiles:[2] alpaca fiber garments, macramé英語macramé, pollera英語polleras, etc.[9] Her family sold their handicraft on the informal market, the dominant trade channel in El Alto and La Paz's urban periphery.[10] To improve her skill, Poma attended regular training workshop英語training workshops hosted by the Pastoral Social,[5] and she worked directly with the Church英語Catholic Church in Bolivia-affiliated charity Caritas Bolivia to deliver classes on sewing and weaving.[10] Poma spent eighteen years as a trainer for Caritas's Pachamama Center from 1988 to 2005, providing vocational education to over 1,000 women in El Alto and surrounding provinces. During this time, she served as general secretary of the Pachamama Artisans' Association.[11]

Poma also held local civic positions as chair of her son's school board英語school board from 1994 to 2000 and president of her community's neighborhood council英語neighborhood council for two years afterward. At the same time, she made headwinds in her sector's trade union英語Craft unionism circuit: she served as executive secretary of the Central Council of Artisans of El Alto from 1992 to 1996 and was a regional executive of the National Confederation of Artisans of Bolivia from 1998 to 2001. As a representative of the city's seventy-four artisan organizations, Poma also held a seat on the directorate of the El Alto Regional Worker Center.[12]

Chamber of Senators

Election

Poma ran for a seat on the El Alto Municipal Council英語El Alto Municipality in 2004 as part of a slate of candidates英語Slate (elections) presented by Integrative Social Autonomy (ASI), a minor political front. The 2004 municipal elections were the first to allow local political organizations to compete, and many groups were formed to contest it; in El Alto, the field was especially crowded. Most smaller contenders saw disappointing showings: Poma – who headlined ASI's list英語Electoral list of substitute英語Substitute (elections) councillors – was not elected, as ASI won no seats.[10]

Poma ran again for public office in 2006, this time with a more established front: the governing Movement for Socialism (MAS). She was nominated for a party-list seat in the Constituent Assembly英語Bolivian Constituent Assembly of 2006–2007, though in a low slot that gave negligible prospects for victory. In effect, the electoral system in place in 2006 made it improbable for any party – no matter how dominant – to win more than two, at most three, party-list constituents.[13] Poma's name was kept in mind for future contests, and in 2009, allied social movement organization英語social movement organizations affiliated with the MAS nominated her for a seat in the Senate英語Chamber of Senators (Bolivia).[14] On this occasion, she won.[15]

Tenure

Poma was the first indigenous chola​(西班牙語 and co-second woman[β] to represent La Paz in the Senate.[16] Following the accession of senator René Martínez​(西班牙語 to the presidency of the Senate英語Chamber of Senators (Bolivia), Poma was voted to replace him as first vice president,[17] making her the first indigenous woman to serve on the upper chamber's governing directorate.[18]

In office, Poma's legislative priorities centered on the needs of her sectoral base: artisans. She was the driving force behind the passage of Bolivia's Artisanry Promotion Law, enacted in 2012 after a near-quarter-century of being stuck in development.[19] The legislation formally incorporated the country's artisan craftsmen – metal, textile, and woodworkers, tailors, even painters and photographers, etc. – into the organized economy, allowing for greater ease of doing business and providing tradesmen state-allocated funds for vocational training, business, and sales support.[20]

On occasion, Poma's sectoral loyalties transcended partisan affiliation. In one notable instance, Poma was the lone ruling party senator to oppose a bill providing limited amnesty for drivers of unregistered vehicles.[21] She argued that it would incentivize peddlers of contraband second-hand clothes to seek their own pardon, to the detriment of legitimate clothiers.[22]

In keeping with the MAS's general practice of rotating out its incumbent representatives in favor of new cadres, Poma was not nominated for reelection in 2014, concluding her legislative service after just one term.[10] She was briefly placed in contention for the El Alto mayoralty when the party was analyzing running a woman in the 2015 election英語2015 Bolivian regional elections.[23] Former minister Mabel Monje英語Mabel Monje won out there before it was ultimately decided to re-nominate incumbent Edgar Patana​(西班牙語,[24] who went on to lose reelection.[25]

Commission assignments

  • Chamber of Senators Directorate (First Vice President: 20102012)[26][27]
  • State Security, Armed Forces, and Bolivian Police Commission
    • Armed Forces and Bolivian Police Committee (Secretary: 20132014)[28]
  • Plural Economy, Production, Industry, and Industrialization Commission (President: 20122013, 20142015)[29][30]
    • Plural Economy, Productive Development, Public Works, and Infrastructure Committee (Secretary: 2010)[31]

Electoral history

Electoral history of Martha Poma
Year Office Party Votes Result Ref.
Total % P.
2004 Councillor英語Councillor Integrative Social Autonomy 2,929 1.09% 6th Lost [32][γ]
2006英語2006 Bolivian Constituent Assembly election Constituent英語Bolivian Constituent Assembly of 2006–2007 Movement for Socialism 558,886 63.82% 1st Lost [33][γ]
2009英語2009 Bolivian general election Senator英語Chamber of Senators (Bolivia) Movement for Socialism 1,099,259 80.28% 1st Won [34][γ]
Source: Plurinational Electoral Organ英語Plurinational Electoral Organ | Electoral Atlas

References

Notes

  1. ^ Poma's exact place of birth is unclear. One source cites Chojñapata,[1] while another names the nearby village of Chiñaja.[2] Both settlements form the namesake of the Chojñapata Chiñaja Canton.
  2. ^ After Ana María Flores英語Ana María Flores; alongside Ana María Romero英語Ana María Romero, who took office at the same time.
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Presented on an electoral list英語electoral list. The data shown represents the share of the vote the entire party/alliance received in that constituency.

Footnotes

Works cited

Online and list sources

Digital and print publications

Books and encyclopedias