圖書館:常見錯誤觀念列表

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{{動態列表}} 以下是常見錯誤觀念的列表,每個條目包括錯誤觀念與改正確的聲明。

常見錯誤觀念是一系列經常被認為是真實的觀點或趣聞,但實際上是錯誤的。它們通常產生於傳統觀念、刻板印象迷信謬誤、對科學的誤解或偽科學的普及。一些常見錯誤觀念也被認為是都市傳說,並常常涉及道德恐慌

藝術與文化

商業

 
1915}})。
  • 愛迪達的原文名稱「Adidas」並非「All day I dream about sports」、「All day I dream about soccer」或「All day I dream about sex」的縮寫。其實該公司的名稱是於1949年以其創始人阿道夫·「阿迪」·達斯勒(Adolf "Adi" Dassler)的名字命名。這些反譏的縮寫是在1978年和1981年發表的玩笑[1][2][3]
  • 聖誕老人的常見形象(紅袍老人)並不是在1930年代可口可樂公司為廣告噱頭所創造的。事實上在19世紀末期,紅袍聖誕老人的形象已經在美國流行文化和廣告中出現。[4]
  • 網飛並不是在其聯合創始人里德·哈斯廷斯百視達被迫收取40美元的滯納金後一怒之下成立的。網飛的創立實際上是受到亞馬遜公司的啟發,而這個故事是由哈斯廷斯「編造」來總結網飛的企業價值主張[5][6][7][8]
  • 百事公司從未成為擁有全球第六強海軍實力的企業。百事公司在1989年與蘇聯達成交易後,價值數百萬美元的百事可樂被用來換取20艘報廢戰艦,而這些戰艦隨即被賣掉拆解[9][10]

飲食與烹飪

  • 炙烤肉類並不會將肉汁密封在肉中,相反地這麼做會導致肉失去部分水分。炙烤的目的是為了讓肉上色,改善色澤、風味和質地[11]
  • 味精並不會引起偏頭痛或其他所謂的味精症候群,也沒有證據表明有人對味精產生過敏[12]
  • 除了一些易腐食品外,儲存得當的食品通常可以在過期之後安全食用。所謂「有效日期」是代表製造商保證產品品質的最後一天[13][14]。在美國,絕大多數的有效日期都由州政府監管,其目的為確保食品的品質而非安全性。部分地區(如日本)更區別「保存期限」及「賞味期限」,以保存期限的2/3作為賞味期限[15]
  • 辣椒的辛辣味不是來自種子。 辣味源自於辣椒素,而辣椒籽中的辣椒素含量很低。事實上辣椒素濃度最高的部位是辣椒籽所附着的胎座組織髓質[16][17]
  • 火雞肉中的色氨酸含量不是特別高,不會比其他食物更容易引起嗜睡[18][19]感恩節大餐等節日餐後的嗜睡一般來自於暴飲暴食[19]

飲食史

 
幸運餅乾雖然和中國菜有關聯,但實際上是在日本發明的[20],在中國幾乎吃不到並被視為美國菜[21]
  • 幸運餅乾美國和其他西方國家的中餐館裡十分常見,但在中國與其他東亞地區華人聚居的地區並沒有食用這種食物的習俗。實際上幸運餅乾是在日本發明的並被引入美國[20]。在幸運餅乾在中國被認為是美國菜且很罕見[21]
  • 馬鈴薯片並非由{{le|喬治·克魯姆|George Speck}}(George Crum)因為客人抱怨他的炸薯條太厚且不夠鹹而發明的[22][23][24]。早在1817年的烹飪書中就有薯片的食譜了[24][25]。這個誤解是在聖雷吉斯紙業公司(St. Regis Paper Company)在1973年的一次廣告宣傳活動中被傳開來的[26]
  • 香料中世紀並非用來掩蓋腐肉的味道,而是昂貴的奢侈品。只有負擔得起昂貴調味料的人能買到好的肉,當時也沒有文件記載用香料來掩飾腐肉的味道[27]
  • 韃靼牛肉並不是蒙古族人意圖在馬鞍下嫩化肉而創發的菜餚[28],也與韃靼人飲食無關。這道菜起源於20世紀初的歐洲,是德國美式漢堡排的變體 [29][30]
  • 生奶油不是法國主廚弗朗索瓦·瓦德勒在1671年於尚蒂伊城堡發明的。這個食譜至少在一個世紀前的意大利就有記載,「尚蒂伊奶油」這個名字直到19世紀才出現[31]
  • 馬克·波羅並沒有把中國拉麵帶到意大利,而演變成意大利麵。此說法是由美國的食物業推廣,以增加意大利麵的銷售率 [32][33]
  • 同樣地,意大利披薩並非由馬克·波羅帶到意大利的中國蔥油餅而演變而成 [34]披薩早於10世紀時已在地中海地區流傳 [35][36]
  • 沒有資料記載瑪麗·安東尼曾說過「何不食蛋糕?」(法語:Qu'ils mangent de la brioche)。這句話最早出現在盧梭第六卷《懺悔錄》中,文中是由一位沒有被作者命名的「崇高公主」所說的 [37]

關於微波爐的誤解

  • 微波爐並不是使用一個特定頻率的微波來共振食物中的水分子,而是產生一道寬廣的頻譜[38][39][40],通過對包括水在內的極性分子以{{tsl|en|Dielectric heating|介電加熱}}來烹飪食物。
  • 微波爐不是從內部向外烹飪食物。 2.45 GHz的微波只能穿透大多數食物約{{convert|1|cm|in|frac=8|sp=us|abbr=off}}的深度。更厚的食物內部部分主要是由從外部部分傳導的熱進行加熱[41]
  • 微波爐並不會引起癌症。 微波非游離輻射,所以不會具有X射線游離輻射所帶來的癌症風險。沒有任何研究發現微波會引起癌症,即使暴露於遠超過正常劑量的微波輻射之下[42]
  • 微波加熱食物不會降低其營養價值,甚至由於烹飪時間較短,可能比其他烹飪過程更好地保留其營養價值[43]

文學

音樂

古典音樂

  • 莫扎特並非死於中毒,也沒有被他的同事安東尼奧·薩列里或其他人毒害{{sfn|Solomon|1995|p=587}}。此謠言在薩列里去世後甚囂塵上,並在亞歷山大·普希金1832年的戲劇《{{tsl|en|Mozart and Salieri (play)|莫扎特和薩利耶里}}》、彼得·謝弗1979年的舞台劇作品《{{link-en|Amadeus|Amadeus}}》及其於1984年的翻拍電影中被過度戲劇化[49]
  • 聆聽古典音樂(如莫札特的作品)並不能提高智商。一項1993年於自然期刊上發表的研究報告顯示,聆聽後短期內可以改善空間推理能力[50][51]。然而隨後的證據表明這麼做實際上並沒有多少效果,頂多只是與高昂情緒和興奮相關的短期影響。這與此前在自然期刊上最初發表的成果前後不一[52][53][54][55]

{{Listen | filename = en-us-minute-adjective.ogg | title = Minute Waltz(一分鐘圓舞曲) | description = minute在此名稱中的正確英語發音 | type = speech | pos = right }}

  • 降D大調「小狗」圓舞曲有時也被稱為「一分鐘圓舞曲」(Minute Waltz),但並非所謂「一分鐘就能彈完」的圓舞曲。實際上這首曲子所需的彈奏時間平均需要兩分鐘[56]。名中的「Minute」在此意為「短小」、「微小」,而並不指「一分鐘」[57]

流行音樂

宗教

佛教

  • 歷史上的佛陀釋迦牟尼並非胖子。常見的胖和尚雕塑形象來自於「笑佛」布袋和尚。在中國佛教文化中,布袋和尚被尊為彌勒菩薩的化身,彌勒菩薩將在釋迦牟尼被遺忘之後成為佛陀重振佛教[60]

猶太教

基督教

伊斯蘭教

  • 可蘭經》並沒有指明殉教者可在死後獲得72名處女。《可蘭經》提及所有人(不論是否殉教者)都可在天堂獲得處子之身的同伴。72此數字是在《提爾密濟聖訓集》所提及的,而聖訓雖然被認為是穆罕默德的教義,但並非《可蘭經》的一部分。[66][67]

語言

法律、犯罪和軍事

  • 報失失蹤人口並不一定需要等待24小時。如果有暴力或非尋常失蹤的證據,及時展開調查非常重要[71]。例如英國政府建議:「在聯繫警方之前,您不必等待24小時。」[72]犯罪學專家表示,失蹤人口調查的前72小時是最關鍵的[73]
  • 市政委員丹·懷特食用大量Twinkies奶油夾心蛋糕後殺害舊金山市長喬治·莫斯科尼和市政委員哈維·米爾克傳媒將懷特食用Twinkies蛋糕等高糖份的零食、導致腦部化學物質失衡並陷入抑鬱歸咎為這起事件的直接原因。事實上,在著名的甜點抗辯中,辯方成功論證懷特因嚴重抑鬱症而導致判斷能力下降,以他作案前曾暴食大量零食這件事引用作為他精神失常的事證,並非是指他因暴食大量甜點導致精神失常[74]
  • 黑手黨等犯罪組織並不常使用或曾經使用所謂「水泥鞋酷刑」(將受刑者的腳放入煤塊中,而後填充濕水泥,最後將受刑者扔入水中)淹死他們的受害者[75]。事實上僅有兩起謀殺案被記錄使用這種方法:一起是在1964年,另一起是在2016年(就算在前者中,受害者的腿也是被綁上水泥塊而不是被封在水泥中)[76]。不過法軍阿爾及利亞戰爭期間確實曾對被殺害的阿爾及利亞人使用死亡飛行時用上了「水泥鞋」[77]
  • 在美國,被告不會因為在被逮捕時未被告知米蘭達警告而直接被駁回審理。米蘭達警告涉及當嫌疑人被扣留並接受盤問時的權利[78][79],如果嫌疑人在接受盤問之前沒有被告知米蘭達警告,他們在盤問期間所作出的陳述可能不會被接受為證據。不過檢方仍然可以提出其他形式的證據,或者以嫌疑人在被告知米蘭達警告之後所作出的陳述來證明其有罪。 [80]
  • 新加坡不會因為嚼口香糖而被處以鞭刑。儘管自1992年起,在新加坡進口和販售口香糖一直是非法的,且鞭刑仍是該國某些罪行的適用體罰,但這兩者並沒有關聯。違反口香糖禁令只會受到罰款和監禁,嚼口香糖本身並不違法[81]
  • 國際刑警組織的員工並無執法權,不能進行調查、逮捕罪犯甚至使用假護照。他們旨在支援並促進主權國家執法機構之間的國際合作[82][83]
  • 文學作品很流行出現在犯罪現場使用粉筆勾勒屍體輪廓的場景,但在現代犯罪現場調查中實際上很少這麼做[84]

歷史

古代史

  • 埃及金字塔並非是由奴隸建造。考古學證據表明金字塔工人是由熟練的工匠和在休耕期時的貧窮農民組成,後者可能被徵召為國家服務,並以優質的食物和免除稅務的地位作為報酬[85][86][87][88][89] 。使用奴隸的說法起源於古希臘歷史學家希羅多德的著作,而使用以色列奴隸的觀點在金字塔落成數個世紀之後才出現的[87][89][90]
 
古雕塑最初是被塗上顏色的。[91] 圖中顯示第一門的奧古斯都像最初可能的顏色。
 
古羅馬無人使用羅馬式敬禮,如畫作《荷拉斯兄弟之誓》(1784年)中所描繪。
  • 羅馬式敬禮,即伸出完全伸直的手臂並將手掌向下,並非古羅馬時期所使用。這個手勢最早與古羅馬相關聯是在1784年法國藝術家雅克-路易·大衛的繪畫《荷拉斯兄弟之誓》中,並在後來啟發了其他敬禮,最著名的即是納粹禮[94]
  • 剖腹產的英文名「Caesarean Section」源自Caesarea。按字面解釋,即為凱撒的切開。在德文、日文之中,這種手術都被稱為「帝王切開」。但是,凱撒並不是透過剖腹產出生的。在凱撒時代,剖腹產是極端危險的手術,對於母親來說幾乎是一個必死的選擇。凱撒的母親在他45歲時還活著[95][96]。而「Caesarean」一詞可能來自拉丁動詞「caedere」,意為「切割」[97]
  • 古希臘哲學家希帕提婭之死,並不是因為她持有異端宗教觀點,而是因為她捲入了她的好友兼學生亞歷山大城總督{{綠鏈|en|Orestes (prefect)|歐瑞斯提斯}}和總主教亞歷山大的西里爾間的政治矛盾,最終被一群基督教修士殘忍殺害[98]。她的死亡也與亞歷山大圖書館的消亡無關[99],該圖書館很可能在希帕提婭出生前數個世紀就已經不存在了[99]
  • 小西庇阿第三次布匿戰爭中戰勝迦太基以後並沒有將該城夷為平地並灑鹽。這一說法源於《劍橋古代史》1930年版中的一篇錯誤文章[100]

中世紀

  • 中世紀並不是「無知野蠻迷信的時代」,教會也沒有將宗教權威凌駕於個人經驗和理性活動之上。現代歷史學家傾向避免使用「黑暗時代」這一詞語[101]
  • 不論用什麼方法來測量,現代人的預期壽命確實比中世紀或更以前的人還來得高許多[102];不過預期壽命常常錯誤地和一個成年人預期可存活的壽命相混淆,這個混淆會導致「成年人不太可能活過平均壽命」這種錯誤的印象。事實上,成年人已經避免了許多會在幼年時期導致死亡的因素,因此成年人的預期壽命會遠遠高於出生時的預期壽命[103]。不同年齡的人的預期壽命,尤其是兒童期之後的人的預期壽命,常常會和出生時的預期壽命有很大的差異,在工業革命前更是如此。 [103]例如在十三世紀時,英國貴族的平均壽命大約是30歲,但對於當時活到21歲的成年男性而言,他們的預期壽命大約是64歲。
  • 沒有證據或文物顯示維京人的頭盔上有角作裝飾。這在戰鬥中非常不實用[104]
  • 維京人也不會用敵人的頭蓋骨作酒碗。此源自一項錯誤翻譯,於將詩中使用的「ór bjúgviðum hausa」(直譯為頭骨枝條)譯作頭蓋骨,但實際上是指{{tsl|en|drinking horn|牛角杯}}[105]
  • 維京人並沒有將冰島命名為「冰島」以阻止其他人前往定居。最早到達冰島的弗洛基等人到達島上時看到了冰,因此這樣命名[106]。相對的格陵蘭(Greenland,「綠地」)的命名希望藉此名稱吸引定居者[107]
  • 鐵處女並非於中世紀發明,或曾用於酷刑,而是在18世紀時,博物館為譁眾取寵而湊合成的作品。 [108]
  • 歐洲士兵的板甲並不會使人不便於行,也不需要被吊起來才能騎上馬。士兵們通常會在地面上戰鬥,可以在不需要他人協助下自己上下馬匹[109]中世紀後期在比武中使用的盔甲比在戰爭中使用的要重得多[110],這可能促成了這種誤解。
  • 關於貞操帶(防止女性發生性行為的裝置)是否在中世紀時期發明,現代歷史學家對此存在爭議,認為大多數現存的貞操帶不是贗品,就是在19世紀和20世紀初的反手淫裝置[111]
 
中世紀畫家對球形地球的描繪

近現代

 
拿破崙並非如畫作中般是個矮子。
 
14歲時的愛因斯坦,他的數學並沒有不好。
  • 愛因斯坦在學校並沒有數學不及格的紀錄。愛因斯坦曾說:「我在數學方面從未失手......十五歲之前我已經掌握了微積分[129]。」 愛因斯坦的確在1895年第一次嘗試考取蘇黎世聯邦理工學院時落榜,但這時的他比其他考生年輕兩歲,且數學和科學部分的成績非常優異。他再考第二次後就通過考試[130]
  • 諾貝爾沒有因為與數學家哥斯塔·米塔-列夫勒不合而不設立諾貝爾獎數學獎,也不是因為諾貝爾的配偶與一位數學家有染。很少有證據表明諾貝爾與米塔-列夫勒見過面,且諾貝爾終生未婚。對此,更可能的解釋是諾貝爾認為數學對於造福人類來說「過於理論化」,以及他個人對該領域缺乏興趣[131]。 {{crossreference|(另見:諾貝爾獎爭議)}}
 
紅色為《解放奴隸宣言》生效區,藍色為未生效區。 美利堅合眾國憲法第十三條修正案通過後才算是正式廢除全美各地的奴隸制。

科學

天文學和航空航天

 
月球背面,由阿波羅16號在1972年拍攝,被太陽清楚地照亮,比月球正面有更多的撞擊坑
  • 月球背面有時會被稱為月球「暗面」,但該面接收到的太陽光與「正面」接收到的大致相同。 「暗面」一詞並不意味着它從不接收光線,而是因為月球的同一面始終面向地球,因此該面直到月球3號前去探測前都是未知的[157][158][159][160][161]
  • 黑洞對周遭物體的重力效應與其他同等質量的物體相同[162]。例如,如果太陽被同樣質量的黑洞替換,行星的軌道基本上不會受到影響。黑洞確實能夠吸引吞噬大量的周圍物質,但前提是形成該黑洞的恆星在塌縮前就有如此現象。 [163]
 
地球的赤道與地球軌道平面並不一致,這意味着北半球在一年中的一半時間裡更傾向於太陽,另一半時間則反之。這是季節性溫度變化的主要原因,而不是地球在其軌道上與太陽的距離
 
sp=us}},位於山西內蒙古交界處。

生物學和生理學

脊椎動物

  • 年邁的大象不會離開夥伴前往「大象墓地」等死[180]
 
紅布不會激怒鬥牛。
  • 公牛不會被鬥牛士使用的紅色斗篷激怒。牛是色盲,紅色在牠們眼中並不突出。牠們的攻擊性是來自鬥牛者挑釁性的動作[181]
  • 旅鼠在遷徙時並不會集體跳崖自殺。 1958年迪士尼紀錄片《{{le|白色曠野|White Wilderness (film)}}》中出現的旅鼠自殺場景完全是假的[182]。這個錯誤概念早在19世紀末就已經存在,但其確切的起源尚不清楚[183]
  • 狗並不是通過唾液來排汗[184]。實際上狗是有汗腺的,且汗腺並不是只分布於舌頭上。狗主要通過腳掌排汗。不過,狗確實是將喘氣作為一種體溫調節的手段[185]
  • 狗的衰老速度並不一定比人類快七倍。狗的衰老速度因品種而異。大多數狗在第一年的成長過程中都會有一致的年齡並於一歲時進入青春期。小型和中型品種在成年後的衰老速度明顯放緩,某些品種(如大型犬和鬥牛犬)的壽命則遠短於平均[186]
  • 狼不會對着月亮嚎叫月相也不會影響狼嚎[187]。狼會在很多情況下嚎叫,例如在狩獵前後召集群體、警報(特別是在巢穴中)、在過陌生領地時相互定位,以及在遠距離間進行溝通等[188]
  • 狼群中沒有所謂的「領袖」。在早期文獻中,狼群通常被描述為具有嚴格的社會階級結構,但是研究只觀察了被關在圈養環境中、彼此沒有血親關聯的的成年狼群。在野外的狼群就如同核心家庭:父母會掌管家庭, 直到幼狼長大並發展自己的家庭。年輕的狼不會推翻「領袖」成為新的領袖[189][190]
  • 蝙蝠不是瞎子。雖然大約70%的蝙蝠物種(主要是小蝙蝠)使用回聲定位來導航,但所有蝙蝠物種都有眼睛且具有視力。此外,幾乎所有的狐蝠都無法使用回聲定位,且具有良好的夜視能力[191]
  • 溫水煮青蛙這一寓言並不準確。青蛙一旦被扔進沸水中會立即死亡,而非跳出來。如果把青蛙放入水中逐漸加熱,青蛙會因設法逃離而變的越來越來活躍,並最終跳出[192]
  • 金魚的記憶力不只維持3秒,而是可以維持幾個月[193][194]
  • 鯊魚會得癌症。 1992年的書籍《鯊魚不會得癌症》宣傳鯊魚軟骨萃取物可用於癌症預防治療,造成了這樣的錯誤看法。目前已有關於鯊魚得癌症的報告,並且現有數據也還不能對鯊魚的腫瘤發生率下定論[195]
  • 大白鯊並不會將潛水員誤認為海豹鰭足類動物。在攻擊鰭足類動物時,鯊魚會快速浮出水面並猛烈展開攻擊。相比之下,鯊魚對人類的攻擊速度較慢,攻擊力度也較小。鯊魚會以正常速度衝刺,咬一口後便游開。事實上大白鯊有卓越的視力和彩色視覺,牠們咬人不是為了捕食,單純只是出於好奇,咬一下以識別陌生的物體[196]
  • 蛇並不能脫臼以增加張口度。蛇的下顎骨的後端有着特化的方骨,其細長且非常靈活,能允許下顎向外延伸。此外蛇的下顎骨間是由韌帶相連,使其向外彎曲,增加口張度[197][198]
  • 番茄汁番茄沙司不能消除臭鼬的氣味。這只是因為人們的嗅覺疲勞造成的錯覺[199]。對於被臭鼬噴中的犬只,{{le|美國人道主義協會|Humane Society of the United States}}建議使用稀釋過的雙氧水(3%)、小蘇打洗碗精混合的溶液[200]
  • 豪豬不會發射出牠們的棘刺來攻擊敵人。豪豬的刺可以脫離身體,而牠們會刻意倒退到敵人身上來刺牠們,但豪豬刺並不會「發射」出去[201][202][203]
  • 老鼠並沒有特別愛吃起司。老鼠只會在沒有更好的食物選擇時吃起司,而牠們實際上偏愛含糖的甜食。這個迷思可能來自於冰箱發明之前,起司通常被放在戶外存放,因此對老鼠來說是一種容易取得的食物[204]
  • 沒有可信的證據表明卷鬚寄生鯰(一種南美洲的寄生性鯰魚)會在人們於牠所在的水中排尿時誤入他們的尿道。這種事件的唯一記錄案例出現在1997年的文獻中,但其在同儕審查中受到嚴厲批評。這種現象現在被廣泛認為是一種謬誤[205]
  • 食人魚雜食性動物,不只吃肉。且牠們結成魚群只是為了防禦天敵,並非攻擊行為。牠們極少攻擊人類,只有在感到壓力和威脅時才會咬人,而且通常只會咬手和腳[206]
  • 河馬乳汁不是粉紅色的。河馬皮膚會分泌的一種紅色色素「河馬汗酸」,但這不會影響牠們乳汁的顏色。其乳汁顏色一樣為白色或米色[207]
  • 人類碰觸或照顧鳥蛋或幼鳥並不會導致成鳥遺棄牠們[208],對其他動物(如犬貓)來說亦是如此。一般來說這麼做都不會導致成年動物遺棄幼崽,除了兔子有可能會感到受創並離開巢穴[209]

{{Listen | filename = Bald_Eagle_Yellowstone_National_Park.ogg | title = 白頭海雕的鳴叫聲 | description = 白頭海雕的鳴叫聲,錄於黃石國家公園 | pos = right | help = no }}

  • 在流行文化中,美國的國鳥白頭海雕通常被描繪成有着宏亮抖擻的鳴叫聲,但這實際上是紅尾鵟的聲音。實際上白頭海雕的叫聲柔和,聽起來更像海鷗的叫聲[210][211]
  • 鴕鳥不會把把頭埋進土裡里來躲避敵人或睡覺[212]。這種誤解的起源尚不確定,但可能是由古羅馬學者老普林尼(23-79年)所流傳。他寫道鴕鳥「會想像當牠們把頭和脖子伸進灌木叢里,整個身體就都隱藏起來了」[213]
  • 變色龍的變色能力並非僅為了偽裝而演化而來,而且變色龍無法完美改變其膚色以完全融入背景[214]

無脊椎動物

  • 不是所有的蚯蚓被切成兩半就能變成兩條蚯蚓。只有少數蚯蚓物種[215]具有頭部再生能力[216]
  • 家蠅的平均壽命為20至30天,並非24小時[217]。這個觀念可能源自於把家蠅與蜉蝣搞混了,某些蜉蝣物種的成蟲壽命只有5分鐘[218]
  • 人並不會在睡眠中吞下大量的蜘蛛。睡眠中的人會發出聲音,對蜘蛛而言是帶有危險的警告[219][220]。大多數人也都會在臉上有蜘蛛時從睡眠中醒來[221]
 
台灣大刀螳雌蟲在交配的同時肢解並吃掉雄蟲。此行為並非每次交配都會發生。
  • 雌性螳螂並不常在交配時肢解並吃掉雄性螳螂[222]
 
一種熊蜂紫錐花的頂部盤旋。一個廣為流傳的錯誤觀念認為熊蜂應該沒有飛行能力。
  • 熊蜂的飛行並不違反空氣動力學,而是由於昆蟲飛行的物理機制不同於固定翼飛機,因此在1934年一本書中的錯誤推論導致了這種誤解。事實上科學家對昆蟲飛行已經有相當完善的理解[223]
  • 蜜蜂對許多植物的授粉固然至關重要,但若沒有蜜蜂為植物授粉,人類並不會因此飢餓或滅絕。有觀念指如果沒有蜜蜂的授粉,人類會在四年內餓死[224],但事實上許多重要的作物根本不需要昆蟲授粉。占人類食物能量總量60%的十大重要作物均屬於此類[225][226]
  • 白蟻並不是螞蟻,也不是螞蟻的近親。白蟻實際上和蟑螂親緣關係更接近[227][228][229]
  • 雖然蟑螂輻射的耐受性比脊椎動物高得多,但不代表蟑螂對輻射免疫,蟑螂也不比其他昆蟲更具有耐輻射能力。蟑螂不會是唯一能夠在受到核輻射污染的環境中生存的生物[230][231]。由於不是所有蟑螂都在同一時間蛻皮(最易受到輻射影響的階段),因此許多蟑螂不會受到急性輻射爆發的影響,但持續和更嚴重的輻射仍然會對它們造成傷害。蟑螂更無法在直接的核爆中生存[232][233]
  • 尿塗抹在被海蜇螫傷的部位上並不能緩解疼痛[234]。此觀念在傳統民間流傳幾百年[235][236],並且據說因為六人行的其中一集而變得更加流行[236]

植物

 
背對著太陽的向日葵
  • 向日葵不會一直朝向太陽。開花的向日葵會整天面向一個固定方向(通常是東方),但不一定面向太陽[240]。在其早期的發育階段(花苞出現之前)幼苗會追蹤太陽的運動,並導致成熟的向日葵固定朝向某個方向排列[241]
  • 蕈類黴菌真菌不是植物。真菌在形態和生活方式上與植物有相似之處並曾歸類為植物,但此觀念已經過時。現代分子生物學證據顯示真菌與動物更為相關,但真菌仍然常被包含在植物學的課程和教科書中[242][243][244]

生物演化論

人類生理學

  • 舌頭味覺圖是錯誤的。舌頭所有部位都能感應所有味道[255]
  • 基本味覺不是四種,而是五種,除了外,還有[256]不是味覺,而是痛覺
  • 體能鍛煉引起的肌肉酸痛不是乳酸堆積造成的[257]。在運動時和運動後肌肉乳酸濃度與肌肉酸痛沒有相關性[258]。通常認為鍛煉引起的肌肉酸痛來源於因為不習慣或劇烈運動引起的微創傷[259]
  • 旁觀者通常不容易察覺到溺水[260]。在大多數情況下,本能性溺水反應使溺水者無法揮舞或大喊[260],因此揮舞和大喊不是判斷溺水的可靠跡象[261]
  • 不存在判斷一名女性是否為處女的生理測試,處女膜的狀況不能說明一個人的性經歷[262][263]。出血與第一次陰道性交並不直接相關,也不提供任何有關性經驗的信息[262][263]。貞操測試沒有科學依據[264]
  • 目前為止還沒有證據證明G點是存在的,普遍共識是所謂的G點並不存在[265][266][267][268]
  • 人並不是只使用大腦的百分之十。雖然在一個特定的時間大腦中只有少數神經元主動激發,但不活躍的神經元也很重要[269][270]。這一誤解往往歸因於威廉·詹姆士,但他的說法只是隱喻[271]
  • 皮膚泡水起皺不是因為皮膚吸水[272],而是由自主神經系統在水分的刺激下引發局部性血管收縮,使皮下組織收縮起皺[273][274]
  • 飲食對身體排毒幾乎沒有影響,服用某些食物來排毒沒有科學依據[275]。一些科學家認為這樣的飲食方案是浪費時間和金錢[276]。儘管如此,某些特定的飲食能夠排出身體無法排出的毒素這種觀點依然十分普遍[277][278][279][280]。毒素的排出是通過肝臟和腎臟進行的[275]
  • 一天八杯水、一天2到3升水的說法都是不準確的[281]。每天人體需水量取決於許多因素:體重、飲食、活動強度、衣着多少、環境的溫度和濕度等。水並不都是以純水的形式攝入,也可以通過食物和飲料補充[281]

化學和材料科學

  • 玻璃室溫下並不會像高黏度液體一樣流動[282]。玻璃和液體具有一些相似的分子特性,但玻璃在室溫下是固體,只有在幾百度以上的高溫下才會開始流動[283][284]。厚底薄頂的老玻璃是來自其生產過程造成,而不是慢慢流動的結果[283][284]。某些類似甚至更老的玻璃物品中不一定會觀察到這種扭曲現象。 [283][284][285]
  • 大多數鑽石不是由高度壓縮的煤炭形成的。超過99%曾經被採礦的鑽石形成於地表下約{{convert|140|km|||abbr=|sp=us}}處極端高溫高壓的條件下。煤炭是由史前植物埋藏於地表附近形成的,不太可能透過普通的地質活動移動到地表{{Convert|3.2|km||abbr=|sp=us}}以下。大多數經過定年的鑽石都確定比第一批陸地植物還要古老,也就是說鑽石比煤炭還要古老許多[286]
  • 鑽石摩氏硬度中已知最硬的材料,但並非無比堅硬,會受到磨損和刮傷。鑽石可以被其他鑽石刮傷[287],甚至被硬度遠低於它的材料(如黑膠唱片)磨損[288]
  • 錫箔」和「錫罐頭」都已不使用作為主要材料。自20世紀以來鋁箔已經全面取代錫箔。而現今的罐頭主要使用作為主要金屬[289]
  • 鉛筆芯沒有且不曾含有。會如此稱呼是因為石墨曾被稱為「黑鉛」[290]

電腦與網際網路

環境科學

 
過去2000年的全球表面溫度。使用樹木年輪、珊瑚和冰芯等間接重建的數據呈現在藍色曲線上[306],直接觀測到的數據則以紅色曲線表示[307]
 
全球暖化並不是由於臭氧層空洞造成的。
 
位於英格蘭的科塔姆發電站(已停運),該電廠排放的氣體是冷卻過程中產生的無害水蒸氣。
  • 發電廠等設施中的冷卻塔不會排放煙霧或有害氣體,而是排放水蒸氣,不會對氣候變化造成影響[316][317]
  • 閃電經常會在擊中同一個地方兩次。在雷雨中,閃電有較高機率擊中較突出或具有導電性的物體及地點。例如閃電平均每年會擊中紐約市帝國大廈23次[318][319][320][321]
  • 黃石火山並不會在短期內會發生超級火山噴發[322]
  • 地球內部並非由熔岩構成。這可能來自對地幔對流一詞的誤解,錯誤地假設只有液體和氣體才能對流。實際上,具有較大瑞利數的固體物質在足夠的時間內也可以對流,地幔中巨大熱梯度所引起的對流即是如此[323][324]。地幔中的確有一些小熔岩囊,但這些只占地幔體積的一小部分[325];地球的外核也確實是液態,但是它是由液態金屬而非岩石構成[326]
  • 亞馬遜雨林並沒有提供地球20%的氧氣。這是對2010年一項研究的誤解,該研究發現,大約有34%的陸地植物光合作用發生在熱帶雨林中(故亞馬遜雨林大約占其中一半)。由於生物的呼吸作用,所有生態系統(包括亞馬遜雨林)的淨氧輸出大約為零。大氣中目前存在的氧氣是在數十億年的時間裡累積起來的[327]

地理

{{See also|麥卡托投影法#錯覺}}

 
好望角和非洲最南端厄加勒斯角的地圖

發明

數學

{{See also|無效證明}}

 
pages=2–3}}。
  • 希臘哲學家畢達哥拉斯並不是第一個發現勾股定理的人,早於他之前幾個世紀前的巴比倫人印度人就已經知道並使用它了{{sfn|Burkert|1972|pages=429, 462}}[342]{{sfn|Kahn|2001|page=32}}[343]。畢達哥拉斯可能是第一個向希臘人介紹這個定理的人{{sfn|Burkert|1972|page=429}}{{sfn|Kahn|2001|page=32}},而勾股定理直到達哥拉斯逝世兩百年後才於歐幾里得的《幾何原本》中被證明
  • 沒有證據表明古希臘人設計帕特農神廟時有意使其符合黃金比例[344]。帕特農神廟於公元前438年建成,比歐幾里得首次記錄黃金比例的時間早了一個多世紀。同樣,達文西的《維特魯威人》中也沒有提到黃金比例,但有描述許多其他比例[345]
  • 循環小數0.999…」所表示的數與「1」相同。儘管看起來它比1小,但0.999…和0.333…一樣,都是對相應數量的等價符號。例如,0.333…是表示{{frac|1|3}}的等價符號[346]
  • P值不是虛無假說為真或對立假說為假的概率,而是在虛無假說為真的前提下,獲得「至少與{{link-en|實現 (概率論)|Realization (probability)|實際觀察結果}}一樣極端的結果」之概率。這可以表明結果與虛無假說所假設的特定統計模型之不相容性[347]。這類誤解導致P值在教育和研究中被普遍誤用[347][348]
  • 如果一枚公正的硬幣拋擲五次並且每次都出現正面,第六次拋擲並不會更有可能出現反面。換句話說,在經歷了一連串低機率發生的獨立隨機事件後,下一個事件的機率不會受到前面事件影響。 人們常常感覺到一直未出現的結果會更有可能發生。這種思考可能歸因於誤解「賭博」或是「機會」本身是公平的,會在出現連續事件後自我修正[349]

心理學

  • 又稱「精神分裂」的思覺失調症並不會構成多重人格解離性人格疾患才會構成多重人格[350]{{rp|189}}。
  • 聆聽莫札特的音樂不會讓嬰兒變得聰明。最初的研究是針對學院學生的短期空間能力,幾乎沒有證據顯示其會長時間影響人的智力水平[350]{{rp|45-48}}[351]
  • 青少年大多不會出現持績心理動盪的情況。就大多數青少年的情況而言,他們與照顧者和同儕的相處很好,情緒正面積極或平靜[350]{{rp|49-51}}。

參考文獻

{{Reflist|30em}}

Category:社會相關列表 Category:錯誤觀念

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  25. ^ {{cite news|last=McElwain|first=Aoife|date=2019-06-17|title=Did Tayto really invent cheese and onion crisps?|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/food-and-drink/did-tayto-really-invent-cheese-and-onion-crisps-1.3915726%7Caccess-date=2022-06-23%7Cwork=Irish Times|quote=One of the oldest known published recipes for crisps is by William Kitchiner, an optician who doubled up as a Georgian-era celebrity chef. His book, A Cook's Oracle, published in 1817, was a big hit in the UK and a young America. Kitchiner's recipe – Potatoes fried in Slices or Shavings – calls for slivers of potato fried in "lard or dripping" and "served with a very little salt sprinkled over them".|archive-date=2021-07-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725143450/https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/food-and-drink/did-tayto-really-invent-cheese-and-onion-crisps-1.3915726?mode=sample&auth-failed=1&pw-origin=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Flife-and-style%2Ffood-and-drink%2Fdid-tayto-really-invent-cheese-and-onion-crisps-1.3915726%7Cdead-url=no}}
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  32. ^ {{cite web |url=http://www.ilovepasta.org/faqs.html |title=National Pasta Association |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320211605/http://www.ilovepasta.org/faqs.html |archivedate=2012-03-20 |deadurl=yes |access-date=2016-04-28 }} article FAQs section "Who "invented" pasta?"; "The story that it was Marco Polo who imported noodles to Italy and thereby gave birth to the country's pasta culture is the most pervasive myth in the history of Italian food." (Dickie 2008, p. 48).
  33. ^ S. Serventi, F. Sabban La pasta. Storia e cultura di un cibo universale, VII. Economica Laterza 2004
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  35. ^ "The History Of Pizza." {{Wayback|url=http://www.thenibble.com/REVIEWS/MAIN/pastas/fall-pizza-recipes.asp |date=20160324105048 }} The Nibble. Retrieved 2013-05-31.
  36. ^ "Marco Polo & the Merchants of Venice." {{Wayback|url=http://www.foodtimeline.org/foodfaq3.html#venice |date=20160509202947 }} The Food Timeline. Retrieved 2013-05-31.
  37. ^ {{cite web|last=Keener|first=Candace|url=http://history.howstuffworks.com/european-history/top-5-marie-antoinette-scandals1.htm%7Ctitle=HowStuffWorks "Let Them Eat Cake"|publisher=History.howstuffworks.com|accessdate=2010-06-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120904040526/http://history.howstuffworks.com/european-history/top-5-marie-antoinette-scandals1.htm%7Carchivedate=2012-09-04%7Cdeadurl=no}}
  38. ^ {{cite journal |last1=Soltysiak |first1=Michal |last2=Celuch |first2=Malgorzata |last3=Erle |first3=Ulrich |title=Measured and simulated frequency spectra of the household microwave oven |journal=2011 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium |date=June 2011 |pages=1–4 |doi=10.1109/MWSYM.2011.5972844|isbn=978-1-61284-754-2 |s2cid=41526758 }}
  39. ^ {{cite web|author=Bloomfield, Louis |url=http://www.howeverythingworks.org/page1.php?QNum=1456 |title=Question 1456 |publisher=How Everything Works |access-date=2012-02-09 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131017005928/http://www.howeverythingworks.org/page1.php?QNum=1456 | archive-date =2013-10-17}}
  40. ^ {{cite web|url=http://wtamu.edu/~cbaird/sq/2014/10/15/why-are-the-microwaves-in-a-microwave-oven-tuned-to-water/%7Cfirst=Christopher S.|last=Baird|title=Why are the microwaves in a microwave oven tuned to water|website=Science Questions with Surprising Answers|date=2014-10-15|access-date=2023-04-10|archive-date=2022-10-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023155457/https://www.wtamu.edu/~cbaird/sq/2014/10/15/why-are-the-microwaves-in-a-microwave-oven-tuned-to-water/%7Cdead-url=no}}
  41. ^ a. {{cite web |title=Microwave Technology Penetration Depths |url=http://www.pueschner.com/en/microwave-technology/penetration-depths |website=pueschner.com |publisher=Püschner GMBH + CO KG MicrowavePowerSystems |access-date=2018-06-01 |language=en |archive-date=2023-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304055814/https://www.pueschner.com/en/microwave-technology/penetration-depths |dead-url=no }}
    b. {{cite web |last1=Health |first1=Center for Devices and Radiological |title=Resources for You (Radiation-Emitting Products) – Microwave Oven Radiation |url=https://www.fda.gov/Radiation-EmittingProducts/ResourcesforYouRadiationEmittingProducts/ucm252762.htm |website=fda.gov |publisher=U.S. Food and Drug Administration |access-date=2018-06-01 |language=en |date=2017-12-12 |archive-date=2014-11-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141124165841/http://www.fda.gov/Radiation-EmittingProducts/ResourcesforYouRadiationEmittingProducts/ucm252762.htm |dead-url=no }}
  42. ^ a. {{cite journal | doi= 10.2307/3579874 | last1= Frei | first1= MR | last2= Jauchem | first2= JR | last3= Dusch | first3= SJ | last4= Merritt | first4= JH | last5= Berger | first5= RE | last6= Stedham | first6= MA | title= Chronic, low-level (1.0 W/kg) exposure of mice prone to mammary cancer to 2450 MHz microwaves | journal= Radiation Research | volume= 150 | issue= 5 | pages= 568–76 | year= 1998 | pmid= 9806599 | jstor= 3579874 | bibcode= 1998RadR..150..568F }}
    b. {{cite journal | last1= Frei | first1= MR | last2= Berger | first2= RE | last3= Dusch | first3= SJ | last4= Guel | first4= V | last5= Jauchem | first5= JR | last6= Merritt | first6= JH | last7= Stedham | first7= MA | title= Chronic exposure of cancer-prone mice to low-level 2450 MHz radiofrequency radiation | journal= Bioelectromagnetics | volume= 19 | issue= 1 | pages= 20–31 | year= 1998 | pmid= 9453703 | doi= 10.1002/(SICI)1521-186X(1998)19:1<20::AID-BEM2>3.0.CO;2-6 }}
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  44. ^ {{cite book |last1=Knowles |first1=Elizabeth |title=What They Didn't Say: A Book of Misquotations |date=2006-10-26 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-150054-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jxFQqDLav6wC |language=en}}
  45. ^ Se reporter aux explications de l'article consacré à Voltaire
  46. ^ « Arrêtez avec le « je me battrai pour vous » de Voltaire ! » {{Wayback|url=http://rue89.nouvelobs.com/hoax/2011/04/14/arretez-avec-le-je-me-battrai-pour-vous-de-voltaire-199690 |date=20160720202918 }}, de Zineb Dryef, Rue89, publié le 14 avril 2011.
  47. ^ {{cite book|last=Evans|first=Bergen|author-link=Bergen Evans|title=Comfortable Words|quote=All dictionaries now recognize "a Frankenstein" as any monstrous creation that threatens to destroy its creator.|url=https://archive.org/details/comfortablewords00evan%7Curl-access=registration%7Cdate=1962%7Clocation=New York City|publisher=Random House}}
  48. ^ {{cite book|last=Garner|first=Bryan A.|title=A dictionary of modern American usage|date=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-19-507853-4|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofmode00garn |quote=Today this ubiquitous usage must be accepted as standard}}
  49. ^ {{cite web|url=https://www.classicfm.com/composers/mozart/guides/did-salieri-murder-mozart-mythbuster/%7Ctitle=Was Mozart actually poisoned by Salieri?|website=Classic fm|access-date=2021-04-12|archive-date=2023-04-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403230244/https://www.classicfm.com/composers/mozart/guides/did-salieri-murder-mozart-mythbuster/%7Cdead-url=no}}
  50. ^ {{Cite journal|last1=Rauscher|first1=Frances H.|last2=Shaw|first2=Gordon L.|last3=Ky|first3=Catherine N.|year=1993|title=Music and spatial task performance|url=http://www.uwosh.edu/psychology/faculty-and-staff/frances-rauscher-ph.d/Rauscher_ShawKy_1993.pdf/view%7Cjournal=Nature|volume=365|issue=6447|pages=611|doi=10.1038/365611a0|pmid=8413624|bibcode=1993Natur.365..611R|s2cid=1385692|access-date=2023-04-10|archive-date=2021-01-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123151744/https://www.uwosh.edu/psychology/faculty-and-staff/frances-rauscher-ph.d/Rauscher_ShawKy_1993.pdf/view%7Cdead-url=no}}
  51. ^ {{cite book |title=Companion to Clinical Neurology |author=William Pryse-Phillips |year=2003 |isbn=0-19-515938-1 |publisher=Oxford University Press}}, p. 611 defines the term as "Slight and transient improvement in spational[sic] reasoning skills detected in normal subjects as a result of exposure to the music of Mozart, specifically his sonata for two pianos (K448)."
  52. ^ {{cite journal|title=Effects of listening to Mozart and Bach on the performance of a mathematical test |pmid=10939064|author1=Bridgett, D.J. |author2=Cuevas, J.|journal=Perceptual and Motor Skills |volume=90|issue=3 Pt 2|year=2000 |pages=1171–1175 |doi=10.2466/pms.2000.90.3c.1171|s2cid=35762220}}
  53. ^ {{cite journal|author1=Thompson, W.F. |author2=Schellenberg, E.G. |author3=Husain, G. |title=Arousal, mood, and the Mozart effect |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_psychological-science_2001-05_12_3/page/248 |journal=Psychological Science |volume=12|issue=3|pages=248–251 |pmid=11437309|year=2001|doi=10.1111/1467-9280.00345 |s2cid=17641225}}
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  55. ^ {{cite journal |last1=Steele |first1=Kenneth M.|title=Arousal and mood factors in the "Mozart effect"|journal=Perceptual and Motor Skills|volume=91|issue=1 |year=2000|pages=188–190 |doi=10.2466/pms.2000.91.1.188|pmid=11011888|s2cid=21977655 |url=http://www1.appstate.edu/~kms//documents/Arousal.pdf |access-date=2015-11-04|archive-date=2017-01-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106155327/http://www1.appstate.edu/~kms/documents/Arousal.pdf%7Curl-status=dead}}
  56. ^ {{cite book|author1=Frédéric Chopin|author2=Joseph Banowetz|title=Piano works|year=2000 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0jQ5lDhToBQC&pg=PR6%7Caccess-date=2010-10-02%7Cpublisher=Alfred Music Publishing|isbn=978-0-7692-9854-2|page=6}}
  57. ^ {{cite book|author=Maurice Hinson|title=The Pianist's Dictionary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ov6znsHlhboC&pg=PA114%7Caccess-date=2010-10-02%7Cyear=2004%7Cpublisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-21682-3|page=114|quote=This piece bears an erroneous nickname since the story long associated with this nickname presumes the pianist is supposed to play the piece in one minute. The word "minute" means small or little waltz.}}
  58. ^ November 7, 2006. {{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2006/07_july/11/maria_facts.shtml |title=How Do You Solve a Problem Like Maria? |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427083144/http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2006/07_july/11/maria_facts.shtml |archivedate=2014-04-27 |deadurl=no |access-date=2016-04-28 }} BBC.
  59. ^ {{cite book|last=Elicker|first=Martina|title=Word and Music Studies: Essays on the Song Cycle and on Defining the Field|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tVPFUS7FIAQC&pg=PA227%7Cyear=2001%7Cpublisher=Rodopi%7Cisbn=978-90-420-1565-4%7Cchapter=Concept Albums: Song Cycles in Popular Music|pages=231–234}}
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  61. ^ {{cite book|title=Voices from the University: The Legacy of the Hebrew Bible|author=Szpek, Heidi|page=92|isbn=978-0-595-25619-8}}
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  63. ^ {{cite web|title=Biblical Evidence Shows Jesus Christ Wasn't Born on Dec. 25|url=http://www.ucg.org/doctrinal-beliefs/biblical-evidence-shows-jesus-christ-wasnt-born-dec-25/%7Cpublisher=United Church of God|work=gnmagazine.org|accessdate=2014-11-24|archive-date=2015-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409052752/http://www.ucg.org/doctrinal-beliefs/biblical-evidence-shows-jesus-christ-wasnt-born-dec-25/%7Cdead-url=no}}
  64. ^ {{cite web |url=http://www.history.com/topics/christmas |title=Christmas — History.com Articles, Video, Pictures and Facts |publisher=History.com |accessdate=2012-12-23 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307194348/http://www.history.com/topics/christmas |archivedate=2014-03-07 |deadurl=no }}
  65. ^ {{cite web |url=http://www.whychristmas.com/customs/25th.shtml |title=Why Christmas Celebrated on the 25th December? – Christmas Customs and Traditions – whychristmas?com |publisher=Whychristmas.com |accessdate=2012-12-23 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016040508/http://www.whychristmas.com/customs/25th.shtml |archivedate=2013-10-16 |deadurl=no }}
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  67. ^ {{cite book |title=Urban Terrorism: Myths and Realities |page=33 |author=Anjali Nirmal |publisher=Pointer Publishers |date=2009 |ISBN=978-81-7132-598-6 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=8EqWnqdsgZMC&pg=PA33&lpg=PA33#v=onepage&q&f=false |access-date=2016-04-28 |archive-date=2014-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107202757/http://books.google.com/books?id=8EqWnqdsgZMC&pg=PA33&lpg=PA33#v=onepage&q&f=false |dead-url=no }}
  68. ^ a. {{cite book|contribution=Deaf sign language|title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World|year=2013|edition=17th|publisher=SIL International|access-date=2013-12-03|editor1-last=Lewis|editor1-first=M. Paul|editor2-last=Simons|editor2-first=Gary F.|editor3-last=Fennig|editor3-first=Charles D.|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/subgroups/deaf-sign-language%7Curl-status=dead%7Carchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126034146/http://www.ethnologue.com/subgroups/deaf-sign-language%7Carchive-date=2013-11-26}}
    b. {{cite book|last1=Supalla|first1=Ted|author-link1=Ted Supalla|last2=Webb|first2=Rebecca|editor1-last=Reilly|editor1-first=Judy Snitzer|editor2-last=Emmorey|editor2-first=Karen|editor2-link=Karen Emmorey|title=Language, Gesture, and Space|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xAKXpO7mCE0C&pg=PA333%7Cyear=2013%7Cpublisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-1-134-77966-6|pages=333–52|chapter=The grammar of international sign: A new look at pidgin languages.|access-date=2023-04-11|archive-date=2023-01-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121033603/https://books.google.com/books?id=xAKXpO7mCE0C&pg=PA333%7Cdead-url=no}}
    c. {{cite book|last=Omar|first=Hasuria Che|title=The Sustainability of the Translation Field|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L38_jNlkADAC&pg=PA293%7Cyear=2009%7Cpublisher=ITBM%7Cisbn=978-983-42179-6-9%7Cpage=293%7Caccess-date=2023-04-11%7Carchive-date=2023-01-21%7Carchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121033603/https://books.google.com/books?id=L38_jNlkADAC&pg=PA293%7Cdead-url=no}}
  69. ^ Geoffrey K. Pullum's explanation {{Wayback|url=http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/000405.html |date=20200810002544 }} in Language Log: The list of snow-referring roots to stick [suffixes] on isn't that long [in the Eskimoan language group]: qani- for a snowflake, apu- for snow considered as stuff lying on the ground and covering things up, a root meaning "slush", a root meaning "blizzard", a root meaning "drift", and a few others – very roughly the same number of roots as in English. Nonetheless, the number of distinct words you can derive from them is not 50, or 150, or 1500, or a million, but simply unbounded. Only stamina sets a limit.
  70. ^ The seven most common English words for snow are snow, hail, sleet, ice, icicle, slush, and snowflake. English also has the related word glacier and the four common skiing terms pack, powder, crud, and crust, so one can say that at least 12 distinct words for snow exist in English.
  71. ^ a. {{cite news |last1=Sparks |first1=Preston |last2=Cox |first2=Timothy |date=2008-11-17 |title=Missing persons usually found |newspaper=Augusta Chronicle |url=http://chronicle.augusta.com/stories/2008/11/17/met_483813.shtml |url-status=live |access-date=2011-05-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214111833/http://chronicle.augusta.com/stories/2008/11/17/met_483813.shtml |archive-date=2013-12-14 }}
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  73. ^ {{Cite web |title=Why the first 72 hours in a missing persons investigation are the most critical, according to criminology experts |url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/72-hours-missing-persons-investigation-critical-criminology-experts/story?id=58292638 |access-date=2022-06-11 |website=ABC News |archive-date=2023-03-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312194816/https://abcnews.go.com/US/72-hours-missing-persons-investigation-critical-criminology-experts/story?id=58292638 |dead-url=no }}
  74. ^ {{cite news |first=Carol |last=Pogash |title=Myth of the 'Twinkie defense' |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2003/11/23/INGRE343501.DTL |newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle |page=D-1 |date=2003-11-23 |access-date=2007-03-20 |archive-date=2012-06-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120611032604/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2003%2F11%2F23%2FINGRE343501.DTL |dead-url=no }}
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  77. ^ {{Cite web |date=2012-11-20 |title=Après deux ans de polémique, l'État "enterre" le général Bigeard |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/20121120-polemique-cendres-encore-brulantes-general-bigeard-reposeront-frejus-algerie-torture-indochine |access-date=2022-06-25 |website=France 24 |language=fr |archive-date=2022-07-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706010636/http://www.france24.com/fr/20121120-polemique-cendres-encore-brulantes-general-bigeard-reposeront-frejus-algerie-torture-indochine |dead-url=no }}
  78. ^ Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966)
  79. ^ Imwinkelried and Blinka, Criminal Evidentiary Foundations, 2d ed. (Lexis 2007) {{ISBN|978-1-4224-1741-6}} at 620.
  80. ^ {{cite web |url=http://www.mirandawarning.org/casedismissedifnotreadmirandarights.html |title=Can a case be dismissed if a person is not read his/her Miranda rights? |work=Patrick Barone |date=2021-09-10 |access-date=2021-09-10 |archive-date=2022-07-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714054454/http://www.mirandawarning.org/casedismissedifnotreadmirandarights.html |dead-url=no }}
  81. ^ a. {{Cite web |last=Benedictus |first=Leo |date=2015-03-23 |title=Gum control: how Lee Kuan Yew kept chewing gum off Singapore's streets |url=http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/shortcuts/2015/mar/23/gum-control-how-lee-kuan-yew-kept-chewing-gum-off-singapores-streets |access-date=2022-07-09 |website=The Guardian |language=en |archive-date=2023-02-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210125248/https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/shortcuts/2015/mar/23/gum-control-how-lee-kuan-yew-kept-chewing-gum-off-singapores-streets |dead-url=no }}
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  224. ^ a. {{cite web|url=https://www.elitedaily.com/news/world/humans-need-bees-to-survive/755737%7Ctitle=If All The Bees In The World Die, Humans Will Not Survive|first=John|last=Haltiwanger|website=Elite Daily|access-date=2023-04-17|archive-date=2023-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327105523/https://www.elitedaily.com/news/world/humans-need-bees-to-survive/755737%7Cdead-url=no}}
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    d. Would a World Without Bees Be a World Without Us? {{Wayback|url=https://www.nrdc.org/onearth/would-world-without-bees-be-world-without-us |date=20220408172636 }}
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  234. ^ {{cite web|url=https://www.healthline.com/health/does-peeing-on-a-jellyfish-sting-help#does-it-work%7Ctitle=Peeing on a Jellyfish Sting: Does It Help or Hurt?|date=2019-10-10|quote=There is no truth to the myth that peeing on a jellyfish sting can make it feel better. Numerous studies have found that this simply doesn’t work.{{pb}}One of the possible reasons that this myth became popular could be due to the fact that urine contains compounds like ammonia and urea. If used alone, these substances may be helpful for some stings. But your pee contains a lot of water. And all that water dilutes the ammonia and urea too much to be effective.{{pb}}What’s more, the sodium in your urine, together with the velocity of the urine stream could move the stingers around in the injury. This could trigger the stingers to release even more venom.|access-date=2023-04-17|archive-date=2023-01-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131142258/https://www.healthline.com/health/does-peeing-on-a-jellyfish-sting-help#does-it-work%7Cdead-url=no}}
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  240. ^ a. {{cite web|last=Gerard|first=John|year=1597|url=http://www.botanicus.org/page/1956748 |title=Herball, or Generall Historie of Plantes|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427083100/http://www.botanicus.org/page/1956748%7Carchive-date=2014-04-27%7Curl-status=live%7Clocation=London%7Cpublisher=John Norton|pages=612–14|access-date=2021-01-07}} Popular botany book in 17th century England.
    b. {{cite web|url=http://plantsinmotion.bio.indiana.edu/plantmotion/movements/tropism/solartrack/solartrack.html%7Ctitle=Solar tracking: sunflower plants|last=Hangarter|first=Roger P.|work=Plants-In-Motion website|publisher=Indiana University|access-date=2012-08-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019131750/http://plantsinmotion.bio.indiana.edu/plantmotion/movements/tropism/solartrack/solartrack.html%7Carchive-date=2013-10-19%7Curl-status=live%7Cquote=Many people are under the misconception that the flower heads of the cultivated sunflower (Helianthus annuus) track the sun... Immature flower buds of the sunflower do exhibit solar tracking and on sunny days the buds will track the sun across the sky from east to west... However, as the flower bud matures and blossoms, the stem stiffens and the flower becomes fixed facing the eastward direction.}}
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    b. "Two other beliefs about [the golden ratio] are often mentioned in magazines and books: that the ancient Greeks believed it was the proportion of the rectangle the eye finds most pleasing and that they accordingly incorporated the rectangle in many of their buildings, including the famous Parthenon. These two equally persistent beliefs are likewise assuredly false and, in any case, are completely without any evidence." {{cite book|last=Devlin|first=Keith|title=The Unfinished Game: Pascal, Fermat, and the Seventeenth-Century Letter that Made the World Modern|date=2008|publisher=Basic Books|page=35}}
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    b. {{cite web|first=Keith|last=Devlin|url=http://www.maa.org/devlin/devlin_05_07.html%7Ctitle=The Myth That Will Not Go Away|access-date=2013-04-10|date=May 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130701231044/http://www.maa.org/devlin/devlin_05_07.html%7Carchive-date =2013-07-01|url-status=dead|quote=Part of the process of becoming a mathematics writer is, it appears, learning that you cannot refer to the golden ratio without following the first mention by a phrase that goes something like 'which the ancient Greeks and others believed to have divine and mystical properties.' Almost as compulsive is the urge to add a second factoid along the lines of 'Leonardo Da Vinci believed that the human form displays the golden ratio.' There is not a shred of evidence to back up either claim, and every reason to assume they are both false. Yet both claims, along with various others in a similar vein, live on.}}
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