性別鑑定
性別鑑定(英語:sexing或gender identification)是生物學及農學的技術手段,用於確定人、家禽、家畜或野生動物的性別。
對於兩性異形的動物而言,可以根據形態學特徵區分其性別,例如大多數哺乳動物可以通過外生殖器的差異來區分。[1]部分鳥類、爬行動物和兩棲動物沒有外部的性別差異,因而需要使用一些輔助技術進行性別鑑定。如在動物醫學上,對於兩性同形的鳥類可以在麻醉或束縛下依靠耳鏡或纖維內窺鏡來通過內生殖器鑑定性別,也可以檢驗血液或糞便樣本,通過兩性的激素差異來判斷性別。[2]而野生動物則可以依靠行為上的差異來區分。[3][4]在養殖業中,可以翻開雛雞的泄殖腔來鑑別其性別,也可以人為控制親本的性別連鎖基因,根據伴性遺傳性狀來確定子代的性別。[5]
隨着分子生物學技術的發展,性別分子鑑定[6]或稱分子性別鑑定[7](英語:molecular sexing)也相應地產生並應用在養殖業、生物學、法醫學、考古學等領域。例如養殖場對雛雞的性別鑑定、[5]採集野生動物的糞便進行性別鑑定、[8]鑑定非法狩獵的獵物的性別、[9]嚴重損毀的案件受害者遺體的性別鑑定、[10]對古人類殘骸的性別鑑定[11]等。常用的分子標記物包括用於人及其它哺乳動物的牙釉質基因、SRY、ZFX/ZFY,[10][12][13][14]用於鳥類的CHD1(古顎類除外)、NIPBL(所有鳥類)、RASA1(雉科)等。[15]
參考資料
- ^ Kunz, Thomas H.; Wemmer, Chris; Hayssen, Virginia. Sex, age, and reproductive condition of mammals. Wilson, DE; Cole, FR; Nichols, JD; Rudran, R.; Foster, MS (編). Measuring and monitoring biological diversity: standard methods for mammals (PDF). Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press. 1996: 279–290.
- ^ Bercovitz, Arden Bryan. Bird sexing methods which should you choose?. AFA Watchbird. 1981, 8 (3): 18–21.
- ^ Gunnarsson, Tómas G.; Gill, Jennifer A.; Goodacre, Sara L.; Gélinaud, Guillaume; Atkinson, Philip W.; Hewitt, Godfrey M.; Potts, Peter M.; Sutherland, William J. Sexing of Black-tailed Godwits Limosa limosa islandica: a comparison of behavioural, molecular, biometric and field-based techniques. Bird Study. 2006, 53 (3): 193–198. doi:10.1080/00063650609461433.
- ^ Ammer, F. K.; Wood, P. B.; McPherson, R. J. Gender Identification of Grasshopper Sparrows Comparing Behavioral, Morphological, and Molecular Techniques. The Wilson Journal of Ornithology. 2008, 120 (1): 221–225. doi:10.1676/07-002.1.
- ^ 5.0 5.1 孔少芬; 鄭茗; 聶慶華. 鸡的早期性别鉴定方法. 養禽與禽病防治. 2019, (12): 20–23.
- ^ 劉鑄; 田秀華; 白素英. 一种准确简便的东方白鹤性别分子鉴定方法. 野生動物. 2006, 27 (3): 50–53.
- ^ Wang, Ning; Li, Jianqiang; Liu, Yingying; Zhang, Zhengwang. Improvement on molecular sex identification primers for Passeriform bird species. Chinese Birds. 2010, 1 (1): 65–69. doi:10.5122/cbirds.2009.0009.
- ^ Huang, X.; Zhou, X.; Lin, Q.; et al. An efficient molecular sexing of the vulnerable Chinese egret (Egretta eulophotes) from faeces samples. Conservation Genet Resour. 2012, 4: 391–393. doi:10.1007/s12686-011-9557-6.
- ^ Zenke, P.; Zorkóczy, O.K.; Lehotzky, P.; Ózsvári, L.; Pádár, Z. Molecular Sexing and Species Detection of Antlered European Hunting Game for Forensic Purposes. Animals. 2022, 12 (3): 246. doi:10.3390/ani12030246.
- ^ 10.0 10.1 Maulani, C.; Auerkari, E.I. Molecular analysis for sex determination in forensic dentistry: a systematic review. Egypt J Forensic Sci. 2020, 10: 36. doi:10.1186/s41935-020-00210-6.
- ^ Skoglund, P.; Storå, J.; Götherström, A.; Jakobsson, M. Accurate sex identification of ancient human remains using DNA shotgun sequencing. J. Archaeol. Sci. 2013, 40: 4477–4482.
- ^ Blagodatskikh, E.G.; Nikitin, A.G.; Seregin, Y.A.; et al. Sex determination in biological specimens using the DYS14 marker. Mol Biol. 2010, 44: 568–570. doi:10.1134/S0026893310040102.
- ^ Pfeiffer, I.; Brenig, B. X- and Y-chromosome specific variants of the amelogenin gene allow sex determination in sheep (Ovis aries) and European red deer (Cervus elaphus). BMC Genet. 2005, 6: 16. PMC 1079817 . PMID 15771775. doi:10.1186/1471-2156-6-16.
- ^ Seok, SH; Kang, SY; Im, YB; Yoo, HS; Yeon, SC. Sex identification using ZFX and ZFY genes in leopard cats (Prionailurus bengalensis euptilurus) in Korea. J Vet Med Sci. 2019, 81 (5): 793–798. PMC 6541836 . PMID 30944271. doi:10.1292/jvms.18-0693.
- ^ Morinha, F.; Cabral, J. A.; Bastos, E. Molecular sexing of birds: A comparative review of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods. Theriogenology. 2012, 78 (4): 703–714.
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