法 (印度哲學)
法(梵語:धर्म,dharma,巴利語:धम्म,dhamma),音譯為達摩,是在印度的哲學和宗教中極其重要的一個含義多變的術語。
在傳統印度社會中,法在歷史上已經指稱了各種思想,比如吠陀儀式,道德指導、種姓制度和民法與刑法。它的最常用含義附屬著兩個基本思想: 社會生活應當通過良好定義或良好調控的等級(varna)來組織,而在某等級內的個人的生活應當組織成確定的階段(ashrama,參見 dharmasastra)。[1]
依據各種印度宗教,比如印度教、佛教、耆那教和錫克教,如法生活的人更快趨向解脫(dharma yukam, moksha 或 nirvana)。而不如法(adharma)意味着不和諧、不道德或錯誤(即墮落)。
語源
法的梵語字根來自dhr-,意思為保持、支撐,並且和拉丁語表示堅固、穩定的詞彙firmus相關[3],由此得來「既定、公認的慣例」以及「律法」的意思。其源自古老的吠陀梵語(梨俱吠陀等),拼法為帶有n-詞幹的dharman-,字面意思為承擔者、支撐者,而這是指吠陀宗教中的重要概念──ṛta(/ˈrɪtə/; 梵語 ऋत ṛta,秩序、規則、真理)的面向而言[4]。阿維斯陀語中表示真實、正確、秩序的詞彙aṣ̌a(𐬀𐬴𐬀)為ṛta的同源詞,在古波斯語中拼作arta(𐎠𐎼𐎫)。
在古典梵語和最晚成立的吠陀書──阿闥婆吠陀,其拼法是dharma。而在普拉克里特諸語言(古印度俗語)和巴利語中的拼法則是dhamma。在阿育王詔書的古石刻文書坎達哈雙語岩石銘文中,用古希臘語的eusebeia(εὐσέβεια,虔誠、靈性的成熟、恭敬神明)和亞蘭語的qšyṭʾ(קשיטא,真理、真實),來翻譯印度的宗教哲學詞彙──法[5][6]。
巴利語 dhamma - 古代印度外的文字
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梵語 dharma - 古代印度外的文字
dharma音譯借詞
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對譯詞
dharmā(from Namo dharmāya or Ye dharmā hetu) |
印度教
在印度教的語境中,它意味着一個人的正當義務與責任,[43]而印度宗教的法受個人的年齡、等級、職業和性別的影響。[44]在現代印度語言中依賴於語境,它可以簡單的等價於「宗教」。
佛教
參考文獻
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- ^ David Kalupahana. The Philosophy of the Middle Way. SUNY Press, 1986, pages 15-16: "The old Indian term dharma was retained by the Buddha to refer to phenomena or things. However, he was always careful to define this dharma as "dependently arisen phenomena" (paticca-samuppanna-dhamma) ... In order to distinguish this notion of dhamma from the Indian conception where the term dharma meant reality (atman), in an ontological sense, the Buddha utilized the conception of result or consequence or fruit (attha, Sk. artha) to bring out the pragmatic meaning of dhamma."
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For instance, if we find Hindi speakers talking of dharm, Bengalis of dhormo, and Tamils of tharumam, it is useful to know that these are all tatsama forms of the same Sanskrit word dharma.
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達:tat8 ……無、麼、摩、磨:moo5
- ^ ta̍t 的發音: môo 的發音:
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Greco-Bactrian inscription at Jaḡatu, afghanistan, of the sanskrit refuge formula to the 「three-jewels」
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In later bilingual Indian-Greek coins, dharma is equated with the Greek word dikē (δίκη), right or justice and is not restricted to eusebeia (εὐσέβεια).
- ^ * UNESCO Staff. History of Civilizations of Central Asia. 1994: 400 [2021-05-26]. (原始內容存檔於2021-05-26).
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- ^ Tocharian word of the week: "dharma".
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Tremblay made the point that both the Uyghur and the Manichaean Sogdian terms were independently copied from spoken Buddhist Sogdian. The frequent usage of nwm for Skt. dharma instead of the Buddhist Sogdian loanword δrm in Uyghur Buddhist texts would point in the same direction: nwm
- ^ * Peter Zieme. The first leaf of an Old Uyghur 觀無量壽經 Guanwuliangshoujing translation. Written Monuments of the Orient. 2020 [2021-06-05]. (原始內容存檔於2021-06-05).
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「法輪」,滿文譯作"nomun i kurdun"……「而為沙門,受佛法者」,滿文譯作"fucihi i nomun be aliha sarmana" ,意即「受佛法之沙門」
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In the titles of Lepcha works......cho (book, learning)......These designations are obviously direct loans from equivalent categories in Tibetan literature......Chos......Indeed, a Lepcha book, referred to as cho, typically conveys a canonical message
- Albert Grünwedel. Dictionary of the Lepcha-language. [2021-06-02]. (原始內容存檔於2021-06-02).
- H. Plaisier. Chapter Four. Nominal Morphology.
ᰇᰨᰎᰴ cho–pang......books
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By the blessing of Tārā (i.e Dharma)......The term tārā transcribes the Arakanese/Burmese tarāḥ, which may be translated as "precept"or "law". This is the same term used by the Chakmas to designate the ritual texts called Āgar tārā, that the Luris used to recite on various occasions.
- d'Hubert, Thibaut. India beyond the Ganges: Defining Arakanese Buddhism in Persianate colonial Bengal. The Indian Economic and Social History Review,. 2019 [2021-06-03]. (原始內容存檔於2021-06-03).
Then, follows a brief comment on how one may become a Magh by reciting the ten tārā (Burmese tarāḥ; Pali dhamma,『precepts, laws』)
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According to Bechert, Tara means Dharma or religion......According to other......Tara means religious literature
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