乞丐魚目
史前輻鰭魚類
乞丐魚目（學名：Ichthyodectiformes）是一類已滅絕的海生硬骨魚類，該目命名自由愛德華·德林克·科普於1870年建立的漁獵魚屬。乞丐魚目通常被認為是一些冠群硬骨魚的近親。[1]
乞丐魚目 | |
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科學分類 
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| 界： | 動物界 Animalia |
| 門： | 脊索動物門 Chordata |
| 綱： | 條鰭魚綱 Actinopteri |
| 亞綱： | 新鰭亞綱 Neopterygii |
| 下綱： | 真骨下綱 Teleostei |
| 目： | †乞丐魚目 Ichthyodectiformes Bardack & Sprinkle, 1969 |
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見內文 | |
乞丐魚目的多樣性白堊紀時期最為豐富，但三重魚屬、屠魚面魚屬和異三重魚屬等基底類群早在侏羅紀中晚期就分布於歐洲和北美洲。大多數乞丐魚類的體長在1到5公尺（3到15英尺）之間。大多數已知的乞丐魚類是以較小的魚類為食的掠食者；在某些情況下，體型較大的乞丐魚類會捕食體型較小的同目近親。有些乞丐魚類有非常大的牙齒，而其他牙齒很小的物種（如鰓腺魚）會吸入獵物。Heckelichthys屬則是一類罕見的非掠食性乞丐魚類，更可能以微小的小顆粒為食。[2]有證據表明，該目至少有一個物種（即勇猛劍射魚）可能是溫血動物。[3]
系統學
基底物種的系統發生學問題很難解決，這導致了許多已描述的相當原始的乞丐魚類的具體演化地位無法準確確定。
†乞丐魚目 Ichthyodectiformes[1][4]
- †異三重魚屬 Allothrissops Nybelin, 1964
- †屬 Altamuraichthys Taverne, 2016[6]
- †屬 Capassoichthys Taverne, 2015[6]
- †屬 Dugaldia Lees, 1990
- †屬 Faugichthys Taverne & Chanet, 2000
- †屬 Furloichthys Taverne & Capasso, 2018[6]
- †屬 Garganoichthys Taverne, 2009[6]
- †屠魚面魚屬 Occithrissops Schaeffer & Patterson, 1984
- †奧貢魚屬 Ogunichthys Alvarado-Ortega & Brito, 2009
- †?厚三重魚屬 Pachythrissops Woodward, 1919
- †屬 Prymnetes Cope, 1871[9]
- †三重魚屬 Thrissops Agassiz, 1843
- †屬 Sultanuvaisia Nesov, 1981
- †維雷斯魚屬 Verraesichthys Taverne, 2010
- †楚雄魚科 Chuhsiungichthyidae Yabumoto, 1994[10]
- †巴達克魚科 Bardackichthyidae Hacker & Shimada, 2021[11]
- †葉環魚科 Cladocyclidae Maisey, 1991
- †乞丐魚科 Ichthyodectidae Crook, 1892
- †蜥齒魚科 Saurodontidae Cope, 1870[14][15]
- †?御町天草魚屬 Amakusaichthys Yabumoto et al., 2020
- †鰓腺魚屬 Gillicus Cope, 1875
- †烏鴉翼龍屬 Gwawinapterus Arbour & Currie, 2011[16]
- †?屬 Heckelichthys Taverne, 2008
- †原蜥齒魚屬 Prosaurodon Stewart, 1999
- †蜥首魚屬 Saurocephalus Harlan, 1824
- †蜥齒魚屬 Saurodon Hay, 1830
- †屬 Unamichthys Alvarado-Ortega, 2004
- †瓦利西里魚屬 Vallecillichthys Blanco & Cavin, 2003
參考文獻
- ^ 1.0 1.1 Nelson, Joseph S.; Grande, Terry C.; Wilson, Mark V. H. Fishes of the World 5th. John Wiley & Sons. 2016. ISBN 9781118342336.
- ^ Baños-Rodríguez, Rocio Elizabeth; González-Rodríguez, Katia Adriana; Wilson, Mark V. H.; González-Martínez, Jorge Alberto. A new species of Heckelichthys from the Muhi Quarry (Albian–Cenomanian) of central Mexico. Cretaceous Research. 2020-06-01, 110: 104415. ISSN 0195-6671. S2CID 213275574. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104415 （英語）.
- ^ Ferrón, H. G. Evidence of endothermy in the extinct macropredatory osteichthyan Xiphactinus audax (Teleostei, Ichthyodectiformes). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 2019, 39 (6): e1724123 [2023-04-02]. S2CID 216158318. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1724123. hdl:1983/e6d12da6-4f25-46ce-bb14-74fd2beddd82. （原始內容存檔於2023-04-02）.
- ^ Cavin, L.; Berrell, R. W. Revision of Dugaldia emmilta (Teleostei, Ichthyodectiformes) from the Toolebuc Formation, Albian of Australia, with comments on the jaw mechanics. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 2019, 39 (1): e1576049. S2CID 190880286. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1576049.
- ^ Taverne, L. Les Ichthyodectidae (Teleostei, Ichthyodectiformes) des schistes bitumineux de TAptien (Crétacé inférieur) de Guinée Équatoriale et du Gabon (PDF). Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique. 2010, 80: 115–143 [2023-04-02]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2022-02-27） （法語）.
- ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Taverne, L.; Capasso, L. Osteology and phylogenetic relationships of Furloichthys bonarellii gen. and sp. nov. (Teleostei, Ichthyodectidae), a tropical fish from the Upper Cretaceous of central Italy (PDF). Geo-Eco-Trop. 2018, 42 (1): 75–88 [2023-04-02]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2022-08-18）.
- ^ Arratia, G.; Scasso, R. A.; Kiessling, W. Late Jurassic fishes from Longing Gap, Antarctic Peninsula. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 2004, 24 (1): 41–55. S2CID 85783766. doi:10.1671/1952-4.
- ^ Arratia, G. Remarkable teleostean fishes from the Late Jurassic of southern Germany and their phylogenetic relationships. Fossil Record. 2000, 3 (1): 137–179. doi:10.1002/mmng.20000030108
.
- ^ Blanco-Piñón, A.; Alvarado-Ortega, J. Review of Vallecillichthys multivertebratum (Teleostei: Ichthyodectiformes), a Late Cretaceous (early Turonian) "Bulldog fish" from northeastern Mexico (PDF). Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas. 2007, 24 (3): 450–466 [2023-04-02]. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2022-02-27）.
- ^ Kim, H.; Chang, M.; Wu, F.; Kim, Y. A new ichthyodectiform (Pisces, Teleostei) from the Lower Cretaceous of South Korea and its paleobiogeographic implication. Cretaceous Research. 2014, 47: 117–130. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2013.11.007.
- ^ Hacker, R. J.; Shimada, K. A new ichthyodectiform fish (Actinopterygii: Teleostei) from the Arlington Member (mid-Cenomanian) of the Upper Cretaceous Woodbine Formation in Texas, USA. Cretaceous Research. 2021, 123: 104798. S2CID 233806833. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2021.104798.
- ^ Cavin, L.; Boudad, L.; Tong, H.; Läng, E.; Tabouelle, J.; Vullo, R. Taxonomic Composition and Trophic Structure of the Continental Bony Fish Assemblage from the Early Late Cretaceous of Southeastern Morocco. PLOS ONE. 2015, 10 (5): e0125786. PMC 4446216 . PMID 26018561. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0125786 .
- ^ Kaddumi, Hani F. Ichthyodectids of the late Maastrichtian sediments of the Muwaqqar Chalk Marl Formation of Harrana. Fossils of the Harrana Fauna and the Adjacent Areas. Amman: Eternal River Museum of Natural History. 2009. OCLC 709582892.
- ^ Cope, E. D. (1870). On the Saurodontidæ. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 11:529-538
- ^ Cope, E. D. (1873). On two new species of Saurodontidae. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 25:2-339
- ^ Vullo, R., Buffetaut, E. and Everhart, M.J. (2012). "Reappraisal of Gwawinapterus beardi from the Late Cretaceous of Canada: a saurodontid fish, not a pterosaur." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 32(5): 1198-1201. doi:10.1080/02724634.2012.681078
